national deficit :: essays research papers

As one of the top ten concerns in this years presidential election, the field of study famine has been given some attention by twain presidential candidates. But the candidates can only make promises to the public on this issue, stating that they will cut the national deficit in half , by 2009. Since both George W. Bush and John Kerry have the same goal, the examination begins on how each of them plan to achieve it. When president Clinton took office, he reduced the national debt by 10% in his last five years. But as Bush took the presidential seat in 2001, he reversed this progress and is now predicting that he will achieve the highest ratio of Gross National Debt to the Penny (GDP) in 50 years, if we re-elect him.(http//zfacts.com/p/318.html)When Bush took office, thither was a surplus of $236 billion, according to the Office of Management and Budget. By the end of 2004, a record $413-billion deficit is expected beca social function of tax cuts, spend on national security, I raq and Afghanistan and interest on the debt. (http//www.freep.com/news/politics/taxgrid23e_20041023.htm)President Bush blames the deficit on the recession, the rise in military and homeland security spending, and tax cuts, which he believes were needed to encourage the economy. He has said holding off on non-homeland security and non-defense spending combined with economic growth will make it practicable to cut the deficit in half over the next five years. He still plans to try and make his tax cuts permanent, which have affected both businesses and individuals. In respect to the budget enforcement rules affective in the 1990s, Bush is requiring annual limits on optional spending programs, and a pay-as-you-go requirement to force necessary spending programs to make budget cuts to make up for the increases payments. (http//www.post-gazette.com/pg/04284/392809.stm) Sen. John Kerry blames the deficit on tax cuts and entitlement spending not paid for with savings elsewhere. He has sai d that retention the optional domestic spending on the same line as inflation, and paying for new proposals which will balance out savings, will make it affirmable to cut the deficit in half in his first term. Kerry also says he would bring back the traditional pay-as-you-go rules, but keep the right to abstract taxes so as to offset spending increases if necessary, though Kerry has vowed to put off spending increases or find offsetting cuts first. Kerry plans to try and decrease tax cuts for households earning more than $200,000, and use other tactics that he estimates will raise nearly $900 billion, much of which will go toward funding health care and other initiatives.

Writing with Technology Essay -- Writing Technology Education Writer E

composition with TechnologyThe task was seemingly straightforward create a erect of musical composition without using a single frame of technology. I didnt think this would be much of a problem. I figured I could hand-write something or else of typing it or using a word processor and that would meet the requirements of the project. However, according to Dennis Baron in his essay From Pencils to Pixels the pencil is, in fact, a form of technology. Evidently, it was invented by joiners, woodworkers specializing in making furniture, to scribe measurements for wood (Tribble/Trubek, 42). Adding further to my obstacles, paper, being a created object, was not an option as well. This was turning out to be harder than I cerebration. After I pondered and thought through a myriad of options, I found it to be increasingly difficult to revert back to what felt wish caveman days when writings were scratched on a stone wall using very sharp rocks. When I had thought it through to what I thou ght was the fullest extent, I began preparing for this project trying to use the same premise as the very basics of the typewriter to imprint letters on a surface and book them visible with the use of a substance that stands out visually from the surface. Unfortunately, this premise did not work for me as it had for Mark Twain, one of the first Ameri evicts to buy what was, in 1874, a new-fangled novelty a typewriter (500). Easy it was for him to use such a technology, but how difficult it was for me I initially tried to create a writing technology without using technology by thinking of ideas that were detailed, complex, and difficult. My original idea, I found, turned out to be much more complicated than I had anticipated. I recruited my boyfriend and we wen... ...s impossible to complete without using any form of technology at all. Although I enjoyed the discovery process and the creation of my writing technology, I cant help but wonder how inconvenient it would have been for T horeau to spend his time in the woods crushing berries and writing with a stick.Works Cited Baron, Dennis. From Pencils to Pixels The Stages of Literacy Technology. Writing Material From Plato to the Digital Age. Ed. Evelyn Tribble, Anne Trubek. Addison Wesley Longman. impudent York. 2003. Ong, Walter. Writing is a Technology That Restructures Thought. Writing Material From Plato to the Digital Age. Ed. Evelyn Tribble, Anne Trubek. Addison Wesley Longman. New York. 2003. Twain, Mark. The First Writing-Machines. Writing Material From Plato to the Digital Age. Ed. Evelyn Tribble, Anne Trubek. Addison Wesley Longman. New York. 2003.

King Lear - Theme of Blindness Essay -- essays research papers

nance Lear - Theme of BlindnessIn Shakespearean terms, blinds means a whole different thing. Blindness can normally be defined as the inability of the eye to nab, but according to Shakespeare, blindness is not a physical quality, but a mental flaw some people possess. Shakespeares most dominant theme in his play King Lear is that of blindness. King Lear, Gloucester, and Albany are three prime examples Shakespeare incorporates this theme into. Each of these characters blindness was the primary cause of the bad decisions they made decisions which all of them would in the end come to regret. The blindest bat of all was undoubtedly King Lear. Because of Lears high position in society, he was supposed to be able to distinguish the nice from the bad unfortunately, his lack of sight prevented him to do so. Lears first act of blindness came at the beginning of the play. First, he was easily deceived by his two eldest daughters lies, then, he was unable to see the reality of Cordelias tr ue love for him, and as a result, banished her from his kingdom with the following words ..................................for we Have no such(prenominal) daughter, nor shall ever see That face of her again. Therefore be gone Without our grace, our love, our benison. (Act I, Sc I, Ln 265-267) Lears blindness also caused him to banish one of his loyal followers, Kent. Kent was able to see Cordelias true love for her father, and tried to protect her from her blind fathers irrationality. After Kent wa...

John Savage Desires What Makes Essay -- essays research papers

Brave New World illustrates a world where everything that is morally right in our society, is wrong. Monogamy is sinful, massive orgies argon not. heartbreaking thinking is unnecessary because life has already been planned out. Hardships and stress can be solved with a few tablets of soma. This is the world which jakes Savage and others in the novel foolishly came to hate. All of the things that John Savage desires ar the things that make our society unstable. Huxley uses John Savage to show the reader that this world is distopian, when this society is the impending example to a stable, utopian society.Uninhibited sexual freedom provides happiness to this societys citizens, the Fordians. Promiscuity is encouraged, and monogamy is discouraged. There is no room for love, or real emotional ties. John Savage does not agree with these ideas, but he fails to see the implications of loving others. In our society, love and sexual desire are the causes of murder, suicide, and snipe. Eve ryone belongs to everyone else(pg.35). This is one of the many hypnopaedic messages that are repeated to the Fordians. It prevents them from feeling passion, desire, lust, jealousy, and true love. In absence of these feelings, they are free from emotional ties and waste no reason to rape or murder someone because of inner desires. They are able to express their sexuality with others, and release sexual tension. Hurt and pain is eliminated from their minds, and these people can cost the rest of their lives with child-like bliss. John Savage disagrees with these ideas and objects by stating,The murkiest den, the most opportune place (the voice or conscience thundered poetically), the strongest suggestion our worser genius can, shall never melt tap honour into lust. Never, never (pg. 174-175)This occurs when Lenina wanted to be possessed of sex with John. Instead of accepting her invitation, he lashes out at her screaming, Whore Impudent strumpet (pg. 176). Meaning that he fails to understand how the Fordian society works. Not only that, but the fact that at that place are many in our society who can only wish to be in his place.Another form of happiness that Huxley supplies to the Fordians is soma. The hypnopaedic message a gramme is better than a damn,(pg.49) is repeated to these individuals so that they take soma instead of worrying... ...ot freelance ideas of their own. Everyone, in a word, whos anyone. (pg.207)Even free thinkers are able to live peacefully in the Fordian society. They have the choice to retreat to an island where there are many people who may share the same views. The Fordian society is not communistic. They do not execute those who think for themselves, but allow them to grow. Even though they may not have the ability to spread their knowledge on to others, their needs are fulfilled.Is the Fordian society utopian? It is impossible to say no when there is less conflict, no pain, happiness, no jealousy, harmony, efficiency, stability, and no disease. John Savage entered the Fordian world, not the other way around. If he wanted to be singled out, beaten, and hated, then he could have stayed in the reservation. The Fordian society was prepared to embrace him, but he was not willing to adapt. Due to his stubborn nature he eventually committed suicide. John was offered a unique opportunity to live along with the Fordians, but his inability to change himself led to his death. If any other savage were given such an opportunity, they would have take in immediately.

Nuclear Weopons testing Essay -- essays research papers

In their effort to create a bomb that would assure destruction of enemies, the existence super powers of this vitamin C have created a legacy that could presumably destroy the constitutional world as we know it (Schull 6). During the course of the last fifty years, atomic weapons have continu exclusivelyy be amount an increasingly detrimental threat to our own wellness and environment. Consequently, laws have been proposed and bills have been signed to end this senseless build-up of arsenal and testing of havoc-causing atomic was instruments. Unfortunately, enforcing such rules worldwide has proven itself to be remarkably difficult and world allies have had to use extreme caution when dealing with any and all acclivitous threats.      In the early days of nuclear weapons production, of course, not all safetyty hazards were fully appreciated,and possible threats to the environment went drop offly unrecognized. For this reason, we continued to tryout these deadly war tools without any major concern for our future. To be sure, it is understandable that in the race to produce the atomic bomb before Hitler, such considerations would come second. What is surprising is that this disregard should persist for 50 years thereafter, in spite of the increment awareness of the threats that technology and nuclear weapons production can pose.      Even the challenge of middlinging up the results of four decades of nuclear weapons production from testing should be wide enough to tell us that testing must absolutely come to a complete stop around the world. Incredible resources will be infallible to dispose of 2,700 tons of spent fuel, 10,500 hazardous substances, and 100 million gallons of high-level waste to clean up 2.3 million acres of land and to remediate one hundred twenty million square feet of buildings on 120 sites (Day 40-41). Four major tasks can be determine to stabilize and maintain a large number of nuclear materials and facilities to design, build, and operate a variety of treatment facilities to prepare waste for disposal and provide safe interim storage to manage large amounts and varieties of wastes and to work towards environmental restoration (Mosman 13).      But nuclear weapons testing has had different effects all over the world. And the "not-in-my-backyard syndrome" has come to voice opinions everywhere.-- Nobo... ... Pie Chart Below (Source Mollison A/08)ReferencesDay Jr., Samuel. "The outsized lie.," Vol. 57, Progressive,     1 Jun 1993, pp. 40.Johnson, Douglas. "Atolls and atom bombs Frances      colonial      design.," Vol. 45, History Today, 1 Dec      1995, pp. 8.Mollison, Andrew. "Focus on thermonuclear Testing." The      Atlanta Constitution, 16 Aug 1995, pp. A/08.Mosman, Jan. "Ban nuclear tests.," Vol. 33 9, Economist,     4 May 1996, pp. 13.Ruben, Barbara, "How to really bomb a test.," Vol. 24,      Environmental Action, 1 Jan 1993, pp. 8.Schull, William J. Effects of Atomic Radiation.     (New York, NY poverty-stricken Press, 1995).Sternberg, Steve. "From wars holocaust, new radiation      findings," The Atlanta Journal and Constitution,     20 blow 1993, pp. F/01.Yamazaki, James N. Children of the Atomic Bomb. (Duke      University Press, 1995). Nuclear Weopons testing Essay -- essays research papers In their effort to create a bomb that would assure destruction of enemies, the world super powers of this century have created a legacy that could presumably destroy the entire world as we know it (Schull 6). During the course of the last fifty years, nuclear weapons have continually become an increasingly detrimental threat to our own health and environment. Consequently, laws have been proposed and bills have been signed to end this senseless build-up of arsenal and testing of havoc-causing atomic was instruments. Unfortunately, enforcing such rules worldwide has proven itself to be remarkably difficult and world allies have had to use extreme caution when dealing with any and all emerging threats.      In the early days of nuclear weapons production, of course, not all safety hazards were fully appreciated,and possible threats to the environment went completely unrecognized. For this reason, we continued to tryout these deadly war tools without any major concern for our future. To be sure, it is understandable that in the race to produce the atomic bomb before Hitler, such considerations would come second. What is surprising is that this negligence should persist for 50 years thereafter, in spite of the growing awareness of the threats that technology and nuclear weapons production can p ose.      Even the challenge of cleaning up the results of four decades of nuclear weapons production from testing should be vast enough to tell us that testing must absolutely come to a complete stop around the world. Incredible resources will be needed to dispose of 2,700 tons of spent fuel, 10,500 hazardous substances, and 100 million gallons of high-level waste to clean up 2.3 million acres of land and to remediate 120 million square feet of buildings on 120 sites (Day 40-41). Four major tasks can be identified to stabilize and maintain a large number of nuclear materials and facilities to design, build, and operate a variety of treatment facilities to prepare waste for disposal and provide safe interim storage to manage large amounts and varieties of wastes and to work towards environmental restoration (Mosman 13).      But nuclear weapons testing has had different effects all over the world. And the "not-in-my-backyard syndrome" has come to voice opinions everywhere.-- Nobo... ... Pie Chart Below (Source Mollison A/08)ReferencesDay Jr., Samuel. "The big lie.," Vol. 57, Progressive,     1 Jun 1993, pp. 40.Johnson, Douglas. "Atolls and atom bombs Frances      colonial      design.," Vol. 45, History Today, 1 Dec      1995, pp. 8.Mollison, Andrew. "Focus on Nuclear Testing." The      Atlanta Constitution, 16 Aug 1995, pp. A/08.Mosman, Jan. "Ban nuclear tests.," Vol. 339, Economist,     4 May 1996, pp. 13.Ruben, Barbara, "How to really bomb a test.," Vol. 24,      Environmental Action, 1 Jan 1993, pp. 8.Schull, William J. Effects of Atomic Radiation.     (New York, NY Free Press, 1995).Sternberg, Steve. "From wars holocaust, new radiation      findings," The Atlanta Journal and Consti tution,     20 Mar 1993, pp. F/01.Yamazaki, James N. Children of the Atomic Bomb. (Duke      University Press, 1995).

Nuclear Weopons testing Essay -- essays research papers

In their effort to create a bomb that would assure destruction of enemies, the world ace powers of this century present created a legacy that could presumably destroy the entire world as we know it (Schull 6). During the course of the last fifty years, thermonuclear weapons have continu whollyy become an increasingly detrimental threat to our cause health and environment. Consequently, laws have been proposed and bills have been signed to end this senseless build-up of arsenal and testing of havoc-causing nuclear was instruments. Unfortunately, enforcing such rules worldwide has proven itself to be remarkably rough and world allies have had to use extreme caution when dealing with any and all emerging threats.      In the early days of nuclear weapons production, of course, not all safety hazards were fully appreciated,and possible threats to the environment went completely unrecognized. For this reason, we continued to tryout these mischievous war tools w ithout any major concern for our future. To be sure, it is comprehensible that in the race to produce the atomic bomb before Hitler, such considerations would come second. What is affect is that this negligence should persist for 50 years thereafter, in ache of the growing awareness of the threats that technology and nuclear weapons production can pose.      Even the challenge of change up the results of four decades of nuclear weapons production from testing should be vast enough to tell us that testing must absolutely come to a complete stop around the world. Incredible resources will be needed to dispose of 2,700 tons of spent fuel, 10,500 hazardous substances, and 100 million gallons of high-level negate to clean up 2.3 million acres of land and to animate 120 million square feet of buildings on 120 sites ( mean solar day 40-41). Four major tasks can be identified to stabilize and maintain a large repress of nuclear materials and facilities to design, build, and operate a variety of treatment facilities to prepare waste for disposal and stand safe interim storage to manage large amounts and varieties of wastes and to piss towards environmental restoration (Mosman 13).      But nuclear weapons testing has had different effects all all over the world. And the "not-in-my-backyard syndrome" has come to voice opinions everywhere.-- Nobo... ... Pie Chart Below (Source Mollison A/08)ReferencesDay Jr., Samuel. "The big lie.," Vol. 57, Progressive,     1 Jun 1993, pp. 40.Johnson, Douglas. "Atolls and atom bombs Frances      colonial      design.," Vol. 45, History Today, 1 Dec      1995, pp. 8.Mollison, Andrew. "Focus on Nuclear Testing." The      Atlanta Constitution, 16 Aug 1995, pp. A/08.Mosman, Jan. "Ban nuclear tests.," Vol. 339, Economist,     4 May 1996, pp. 13.Ruben, Barbara, "How to really bomb a test.," Vol. 24,      Environmental Action, 1 Jan 1993, pp. 8.Schull, William J. Effects of nuclear Radiation.     (New York, NY Free Press, 1995).Sternberg, Steve. "From wars holocaust, new radiation      findings," The Atlanta Journal and Constitution,     20 Mar 1993, pp. F/01.Yamazaki, James N. Children of the Atomic Bomb. (Duke      University Press, 1995). Nuclear Weopons testing Essay -- essays research cover In their effort to create a bomb that would assure destruction of enemies, the world super powers of this century have created a legacy that could presumably destroy the entire world as we know it (Schull 6). During the course of the last fifty years, nuclear weapons have continually become an increasingly detrimental threat to our own health and environment. Consequently, laws have been p roposed and bills have been signed to end this senseless build-up of arsenal and testing of havoc-causing atomic was instruments. Unfortunately, enforcing such rules worldwide has proven itself to be remarkably difficult and world allies have had to use extreme caution when dealing with any and all emerging threats.      In the early days of nuclear weapons production, of course, not all safety hazards were fully appreciated,and possible threats to the environment went completely unrecognized. For this reason, we continued to tryout these deadly war tools without any major concern for our future. To be sure, it is understandable that in the race to produce the atomic bomb before Hitler, such considerations would come second. What is surprising is that this negligence should persist for 50 years thereafter, in spite of the growing awareness of the threats that technology and nuclear weapons production can pose.      Even the challenge of cleani ng up the results of four decades of nuclear weapons production from testing should be vast enough to tell us that testing must absolutely come to a complete stop around the world. Incredible resources will be needed to dispose of 2,700 tons of spent fuel, 10,500 hazardous substances, and 100 million gallons of high-level waste to clean up 2.3 million acres of land and to remediate 120 million square feet of buildings on 120 sites (Day 40-41). Four major tasks can be identified to stabilize and maintain a large number of nuclear materials and facilities to design, build, and operate a variety of treatment facilities to prepare waste for disposal and provide safe interim storage to manage large amounts and varieties of wastes and to work towards environmental restoration (Mosman 13).      But nuclear weapons testing has had different effects all over the world. And the "not-in-my-backyard syndrome" has come to voice opinions everywhere.-- Nobo... ... Pie Chart Below (Source Mollison A/08)ReferencesDay Jr., Samuel. "The big lie.," Vol. 57, Progressive,     1 Jun 1993, pp. 40.Johnson, Douglas. "Atolls and atom bombs Frances      colonial      design.," Vol. 45, History Today, 1 Dec      1995, pp. 8.Mollison, Andrew. "Focus on Nuclear Testing." The      Atlanta Constitution, 16 Aug 1995, pp. A/08.Mosman, Jan. "Ban nuclear tests.," Vol. 339, Economist,     4 May 1996, pp. 13.Ruben, Barbara, "How to really bomb a test.," Vol. 24,      Environmental Action, 1 Jan 1993, pp. 8.Schull, William J. Effects of Atomic Radiation.     (New York, NY Free Press, 1995).Sternberg, Steve. "From wars holocaust, new radiation      findings," The Atlanta Journal and Constitution,     20 Mar 1993, pp. F/01.Yama zaki, James N. Children of the Atomic Bomb. (Duke      University Press, 1995).

Isaac Asimov and Entropy

As Its used In Isaac Asimov The Last Question entropy arouse be thought of as the point In which human existence is eradicated by the heat death of universe. Isaac Asimov used entropy to explain our mortality and array how even if we attain the highest level of technological achievement there is, nothing in this universe can prevent our eventual destruction. Vims Watson recently competed on risk of exposure Against the TV quiz shows two biggest all- fourth dimension champions (Jackson). Developed by IBM Research, Watson Is able to categorize vast volumes of information and using sophisticated algorithms built for searching cognize facts Jackson).Watson can then coiffe questions in natural language (Markova). Watson is an information seeking tool thats capable of understanding human enquires in order to make unnecessary that content through a naturally flowing dialogue. Watson consistently outperformed its human opponents on the show, winning $1,000,000 that was donated to chari ty (Markova). Multiple, in The Last Question , Is a homogeneous computational machine, but what makes It ultimately superior than any computer we have today is its ability to actually think.Watson can only answer questions with known facts. It cant answer the unknown any better than pure speculations. Multiracial was eventually able to reverse entropy, creating the oral anew (Asimov). Keith Chilled, from Lancashire, England, Is attempting to create a machine that produces sprain indefinitely (Roach). Such a device would violate the axioms of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion machines are machines that are supposed to neglect the laws of thermodynamics and unceasingly turn work back into work with perfect efficiency (Y. V. C. Raw ).One of the three laws of thermodynamics states that the amount of entropy in the universe can only increase making Chidings machine impossible to mannequin (Y. V. C. Raw ). The theoretical scientific exploration of the ultimate fate of the human species always begins and concludes with the laws of thermodynamics (Ben-Anal). Entropy can be called the universal harbinger of the end of time (Ben-Maim) . The Last Question revolves around an artificial, learning supercomputer that is unable to save the human species from extinction and the threat of heat death (Asimov).Even with advances in science and technology throughout the story, the computer remains unsure about the future of Its creators. Nothing lasts forever. Even the youngest stars on the most distant planets will Turn out IT given passable time. Natural silence tells us Tanat everything In nature Is subject to entropy. Entropy is a central element in Isaac Asimovs famous short story that continuously plagues the human population with its definitive ending. Multicasts actions create a new Big Bang, thus resetting entropy and time (Asimov).

Relevance of Shakespeare Today

The relevance of Shakespeare is, in my opinion, unquestionable, dismantle out in contemporary magazines. Not sole(prenominal)(prenominal) is his parcel to the face language immense in its proportions, but similarly enduring. Even today, William Shakespeare is a household shout out the world over. He is quite liter all(prenominal)y, the figure-head of position literature, even to the average layman. Innumerable versions of his immortal whole kit are seen again and again in our fritter aways, plays and even our writing. His simple yet deep concepts have s in any cased the streak of time and are still as insightful as they were in his day.Over the years, thither have been several adaptations both on stage and in film of Shakespearian working. His plays have inspired successful Hollywood films much(prenominal) 10 Things I Hate About You, based on Taming of the Shrew. The Indian film application too has drawn heavily on Shakespeare as seen in movies like Angoor, where the plot is drawn al about entirely from A Comedy of Errors and Omkara, an adaptation of Othello. iodin of his most well-known plays, Romeo and Juliet, has inspired scores of movies such as Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet, and the more recent Ishaqzaade.To add to this, there have been countless stage productions of his plays. His workings cross to captivate audiences to this day. His most popular plays are still a source of ideas to filmmakers in need of a muse. Although it has been said that his plots were repetitive and they are viewed as cliched and overd 1 from todays standpoint, the fact remains that these very stories are what draw audiences time after time. A pioneer in his art, he flouted all theatrical conventions of his time and in doing so, altered the very structure of drama.Critics have noted his disregard for Aristotles rules regarding literary unities, but in the quarrel of Pope, To hear of Shakespeare by Aristotles rules, is like trying a man by the laws of one country w ho acted under those of another. Pope, in the Preface to his six-folio edition of the works of Shakespeare also says, Shakespeare is not so much an imitator, as an instrument of nature. This, undoubtedly, was a response to the accusations of several scholars that all of Shakespeares work was, in fact, indebted(predicate) to Christopher Marlowe.They even went as far as to attribute all of the innovations and dramatic techniques that first appeared in Shakespeares writing to Marlowe. Despite such harsh literary criticism and vilification, the works of Shakespeare are today some of the most celebrated in English literature. Shakespeares approach to writing plays revolutionized Elizabethan theatre. Such forwardness of idea and contemporaneity of outlook was previously unseen in his day and age. He addressed contentious subjects that his contemporaries had hitherto not considered.He started the trend of writing in void verse, which transformed all preceding dramatic norms. He used la nguage according to his own fashion, coining words and expressions that have today become so commonplace, that they have the appearance _or_ semblance to have been part of the very idiom of language. To this day, expressions such as too much of a good thing (As You Like It), in my minds mall (Hamlet), it was classic to me (Julius Caesar), break the ice (The Taming of the Shrew) and bated breath (The Merchant of Venice) are used in everyday speech and writing.Shakespearean quotes such as To be, or not to be that is the question (Hamlet Act III, Scene I) and This above all to thine own self be true (Hamlet Act I, Scene III) have passed into standard usage. His plays were compose safekeeping in mind the tastes and preferences of the Elizabethan audiences. He wrote sonnets to appease his patrons and keep a stable income, which enabled him to further his career as a playwright. Not only did his writing have to appeal to the nobles, but also to the commoners, the groundlings.Acceptin g the challenge, Shakespeare incorporated into his writing not only grandiose depictions of scenes of historical importance, but also earthy, rustic toughness in order to please the masses. The themes he dealt with, although in accordance with a particular setting, were universal and easy to relate to irrespective of social class or position. in that respect are few others who hold such widespread acclaim as William Shakespeare. His writing has influenced several writers through the ages, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, John Steinbeck, Aldous Huxley, William Faulkner and Pearl S Buck, to name a few.A number of writers have quoted Shakespeare in their writing or drawn their titles from his works. Thomas Hardy chose Under the Greenwood Tree as the title for one of his novels, alluding to the hobby lines from As You Like It Under the green wood tree / Who loves to lie with me / And turn his merry note / Unto the sweet birds throat. From King Johns interpretation of life Life is as tedious as a twice told tale / Vexing the dull air of a drowsy man. The title, in two ways Told Tales was interpreted by both, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Charles Dickens. Aldous Huxley derived the title of his science fiction Brave New World from The Tempest O, wonder / How many goodly creatures are there here / How exquisite mankind is O brave new world / That hath such people in it. Pearl S Buck named her collected works haggling of Love, which was interpreted from King Lear And your large speeches may your deeds approve / That good effects may spring from words of love. John Steinbeck drew the title of his novel The overwinter of Our Discontent from the soliloquy of Richard III Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this son of York. The title of William Faulkners novel The live on and the ire is taken from the soliloquy of Macbeth It is a tale / Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury / Signifying nothing. The astute quality of Shakespeares plots i s highlighted by the depth of the characterization.Shakespeares personation of both minor as well as major characters in all of his plays is intricate and inclusive. Few writers have been able to provide such ordered renderings in their works. Such detailed development in terms of plot and character has so far not been rivalled. Despite new advances, Shakespeares gigantic role in the progression of English literature remains unparalleled till date. In particular, it was Shakespeares ability to effortlessly mingle frivolity with catastrophe that led to his fame, and what makes his works invaluable even today.In the Preface to Dr. Johnsons edition of Shakespeare (1765), he writes, This is the praise of Shakespeare, that his drama is the mirror of life that he who has mazed his imagination in following the phantoms which other writers raise up before him, may here be cured of his delirious ecstasies by reading human beings sentiments in human language by scenes from which a hermi t may estimate the transactions of the world, and a confessor predict the progress of the passions. I thereby fold by once again affirming the relevance of Shakespeare in contemporary times as is plainly seen by the vast influence his work has had on the feeler of the English language and the course of development of English literature.Relevance of Shakespeare TodayThe relevance of Shakespeare is, in my opinion, unquestionable, even in contemporary times. Not only is his contribution to the English language immense in its proportions, but also enduring. Even today, William Shakespeare is a household name the world over. He is quite literally, the figure-head of English literature, even to the average layman. Innumerable versions of his immortal works are seen again and again in our films, plays and even our writing. His simple yet deep concepts have stood the test of time and are still as insightful as they were in his day.Over the years, there have been several adaptations both o n stage and in film of Shakespearean works. His plays have inspired successful Hollywood films such 10 Things I Hate About You, based on Taming of the Shrew. The Indian film industry too has drawn heavily on Shakespeare as seen in movies like Angoor, where the plot is drawn almost entirely from A Comedy of Errors and Omkara, an adaptation of Othello. One of his most well-known plays, Romeo and Juliet, has inspired scores of movies such as Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet, and the more recent Ishaqzaade.To add to this, there have been countless stage productions of his plays. His works continue to captivate audiences to this day. His most popular plays are still a source of ideas to filmmakers in need of a muse. Although it has been said that his plots were repetitive and they are viewed as cliched and overdone from todays standpoint, the fact remains that these very stories are what draw audiences time after time. A pioneer in his art, he flouted all theatrical conventions of his time and in doing so, altered the very structure of drama.Critics have noted his disregard for Aristotles rules regarding literary unities, but in the words of Pope, To judge of Shakespeare by Aristotles rules, is like trying a man by the laws of one country who acted under those of another. Pope, in the Preface to his six-folio edition of the works of Shakespeare also says, Shakespeare is not so much an imitator, as an instrument of nature. This, undoubtedly, was a response to the accusations of several scholars that all of Shakespeares work was, in fact, indebted to Christopher Marlowe.They even went as far as to attribute all of the innovations and dramatic techniques that first appeared in Shakespeares writing to Marlowe. Despite such harsh criticism and vilification, the works of Shakespeare are today some of the most celebrated in English literature. Shakespeares approach to writing plays revolutionized Elizabethan theatre. Such forwardness of thought and modernity of outlook was prev iously unseen in his day and age. He addressed contentious subjects that his contemporaries had hitherto not considered.He started the trend of writing in blank verse, which transformed all preceding dramatic norms. He used language according to his own fashion, coining words and expressions that have today become so commonplace, that they seem to have been part of the very idiom of language. To this day, expressions such as too much of a good thing (As You Like It), in my minds eye (Hamlet), it was Greek to me (Julius Caesar), break the ice (The Taming of the Shrew) and bated breath (The Merchant of Venice) are used in everyday speech and writing.Shakespearean quotes such as To be, or not to be that is the question (Hamlet Act III, Scene I) and This above all to thine own self be true (Hamlet Act I, Scene III) have passed into standard usage. His plays were written keeping in mind the tastes and preferences of the Elizabethan audiences. He wrote sonnets to appease his patrons and keep a stable income, which enabled him to further his career as a playwright. Not only did his writing have to appeal to the nobles, but also to the commoners, the groundlings.Accepting the challenge, Shakespeare incorporated into his writing not only grandiose depictions of scenes of historical importance, but also earthy, rustic humour in order to please the masses. The themes he dealt with, although in accordance with a particular setting, were universal and easy to relate to irrespective of social class or position. There are few others who hold such widespread acclaim as William Shakespeare. His writing has influenced several writers through the ages, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, John Steinbeck, Aldous Huxley, William Faulkner and Pearl S Buck, to name a few.A number of writers have quoted Shakespeare in their writing or drawn their titles from his works. Thomas Hardy chose Under the Greenwood Tree as the title for one of his novels, alluding to the following lines from As You Like It Under the green wood tree / Who loves to lie with me / And turn his merry note / Unto the sweet birds throat. From King Johns definition of life Life is as tedious as a twice told tale / Vexing the dull air of a drowsy man. The title, Twice Told Tales was taken by both, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Charles Dickens. Aldous Huxley derived the title of his science fiction Brave New World from The Tempest O, wonder / How many goodly creatures are there here / How beauteous mankind is O brave new world / That hath such people in it. Pearl S Buck named her collected works Words of Love, which was taken from King Lear And your large speeches may your deeds approve / That good effects may spring from words of love. John Steinbeck drew the title of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent from the soliloquy of Richard III Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this son of York. The title of William Faulkners novel The Sound and the Fury is taken from the solilo quy of Macbeth It is a tale / Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury / Signifying nothing. The astute quality of Shakespeares plots is highlighted by the depth of the characterization.Shakespeares portrayal of both minor as well as major characters in all of his plays is intricate and inclusive. Few writers have been able to provide such consistent renderings in their works. Such detailed development in terms of plot and character has so far not been rivalled. Despite new advances, Shakespeares colossal role in the progression of English literature remains unparalleled till date. In particular, it was Shakespeares ability to effortlessly mingle comedy with tragedy that led to his fame, and what makes his works invaluable even today.In the Preface to Dr. Johnsons edition of Shakespeare (1765), he writes, This is the praise of Shakespeare, that his drama is the mirror of life that he who has mazed his imagination in following the phantoms which other writers raise up before him, ma y here be cured of his delirious ecstasies by reading human sentiments in human language by scenes from which a hermit may estimate the transactions of the world, and a confessor predict the progress of the passions. I thereby conclude by once again affirming the relevance of Shakespeare in contemporary times as is plainly seen by the vast influence his work has had on the advancement of the English language and the course of development of English literature.

Feminist Epistemology Essay

Abstract In this paper I analyze the potential of Allison Jaggars suggestion that sensations in popular, and outlaw sensations in contingent, be mergedd into libber epistemology. Jaggar advocates a stand theory of emotions, and suggests that the emotions of the oppressed in particular be laboursaving rather than inimical to acquiring knowledge. I argue that although there ar round(a) potential troubles with Jaggars approach, these problems be common to standpoint theories and underside be addressed by applying the solutions offered by other feminist theorists.One common criticism do by feminist epistemologistsi is the critique of traditional epistemologys nonions of objectiveness and neutrality. As Naomi Scheman puts it, in traditional epistemology those who ar taken to be in the best position to know are those who are believed to be objective, distanced, dispassionate, independent, and nonemotion in ally rational (3-4).ii tally to Allison Jaggar, the result of thi s conception of the knower in modern epistemology is a sharp distinction between reason and emotion where reason is privileged because emotions are viewed as involuntary responses that distort our rational observations of the world, which in turn distort the knowledge we advise gain from these observations (1992). She further argues that this distinction contri only whenes to the denial of womens epistemic indorsement since women are associated with emotions and men with reason, and so men became the standard by which epistemic authority is judged.This is just one of legion(predicate) concerns feminist epistemologists shell out. However, there are galore(postnominal) dis exchangeableities between feminists as to how to caboodle with the problems in traditional epistemology. iii One approach that I provide focus on in this paper is feminist standpoint theory, particularly the standpoint theory offered by Jaggar in Love and Knowledge Emotions in Feminist Epistemology. What Jagg ar aims to accomplish in her paper is to begin bridging the dislocation between emotion and knowledge through the suggestion that emotions whitethorn be helpful and even necessary rather than inimical to the device of knowledge (1992, 146). The bridge she wants to build admits a mannerology for directing biases of the dominant group that leads to false appraisals of the world. This methodological analysis relies on the nonion that spot groundwork be altered by the means one is situated in the world, particularly how ones situatedness send word affect ones emotional perspective and response.I will explain the concept of emotional perspective and response in a moment, but I want to first none that the type of emotions she means are important to feminist epistemologists are outlaw emotionswhich are emotional responses that do non follow or support the values and norms we prevail been taught to accept. Because outlaw emotions are usually a negative response to norms and v alues, they can help us identify which biases are causing errors in our methods of seeking knowledge.The point that Jaggar wants to make clear is that impartiality in our epistemic methods is impossible, therefore, we should give up on the nonion of impartiality and work towards identifying biases that will better guide our epistemic endeavors. There is much debate between feminists over the potential of feminist standpoint epistemologies, yet, I think that Jaggars methodology warrants some status. iv However, because she offers just a sketch of how emotions might be incorporated into epistemology, there are some aspects of her theory that are problematic.The first problem is that standpoint theories seem to neglect the differing experiences of particular individuals within groups by trying to say close the experiences of these groups in everyday. The southward problem is that Jaggar needs to address how to distinguish which outlaw emotions could potentially further feminist i nterests from the other emotions, outlaw or otherwise. The general aim of this paper, then, is to initiate an probe into whether Jaggars proposal will be a fruitful endeavor for feminist epistemologists.The more specific aim of this paper is to point out some of the potential problems that arise from her theory, as a feminist theory, and to offer some potential solutions for these problems, some of which are solutions that feminists pay previously used to answer similar problems in other feminist theories. 1. Jaggars View Jaggar argues that theories that make the distinction between reason and emotion as it pertains to knowledge are mistaken in that they falsely assume emotions are involuntary responses that can be separated from reason.Jaggar contends that most emotions are socially constructed, intentional, and can influence our perceptions of the world. For exemplar, when someone odours anger at a slight from a friend, this anger arises non as an involuntary response, but ra ther there is a judgment being make slightly the way friends ought to behave and the response of anger is the appropriate emotion that corresponds with ones expectations being disappointed.We form beliefs about what constitutes a slight by a friend at the same time as we learn what our society values as appropriate friendship behavior and appropriate responses to different experiences swear affection as a response to respect from ones friends and anger to disrespect. The idea that emotions are constructed suggests that socialization influences our appraisals of the world and the judgments we make are a great deal emotional responses to observations that reflect the norms and values of our society.For example, when someone tells a joke the expected response is for a person to be amused. However, my being amused by a joke presupposes a number of social conditions. For instance, when we reveal something like a priest, a rabbi, and a duck walk into a bar we immediately feel an antic ipatory amusement, since we recognize this as a joke formula. v If I do not recognize this formula then my lack of agreement could cause me to not share the same social experience as the other people who are hearing the same joke.Second, in order to find the joke singular I must not only understand the voice communication in which the joke is told, but also the content of the joke. I must share the same appraisal of the world in order to actually be amused by the punch line. Third, emotional responses are neither automatic nor passive in the sense that we have no control over them. I may be amused and laugh at a joke of this type. However, I may not laugh if I find the joke to be in bad taste even though not laughing when amusement is expect often creates moments of social tension and discomfort.The important thing to note here is that in both cases whether or not I am amused can be a deliberate conscious decision. From this example, we can see why Jaggar suggests that, every emo tion presupposes an military rating of some aspect of the environment while, and conversely, every evaluation or appraisal of the situation implies that those who share the evaluation will share, ceteris paribus, a predictable emotional response to the situation (1992, 153).Just as I would have to share a similar appraisal of the world in order to understand the punch line of a joke, I am also influenced by those preconceived notions to think the joke is funny. At the very least, I am conditioned to some extent to recognize a joke when I hear one and laugh when I think laughter is the expected response.Jaggar thinks it is important to recognize that emotions play a spot in how we seek knowledge, given that if we save the distinction between emotion and reason in epistemology, then this distinction will influence whom we think are good epistemic agents reportly, dispassionate investigators who can keep their emotions from interfering with their observations. Ironically, because th e notion of a dispassionate investigator is considered the ideal, we are biased in our assessment of who is a good investigator and who is not.Note that Jaggar is not saying we are not being impartial enough in our assessment of investigators rather she is saying our bias in favour of the dispassionate is inhibiting because emotion is an essential part of knowledge. Moreover, the distinction between emotion and reason is problematic, as Jaggar points out, because reason has been associated with members of dominant political, social, and cultural groups and emotion with members of subordinate groups, like people of polishand women (1992, 157).The result of the false distinction between emotion and reason is that it produces a myth about investigators that functions in a circular pattern where the myth reinforces the subjection of those who are perceived as emotional, while the oppression reinforces the myth that it is bad to be emotional. In order to give a full account of what it government agency to be a good investigator, then, we should acknowledge how emotions function to produce passionate investigators who are reliable observers.The first point Jaggar thinks a full account should include is that in many ways emotions are socially constructed in a way that reflects the norms and values of our society, and that this emotional construction influences our evaluations and observations of the world. The second aspect of the social construction of our emotional constitution she wants to point out is that our emotional construction is not complete in the sense that there are people who do not always respond to or evaluate particular situations in a manner that reflects social norms and values.Jaggar calls these unconventional emotional responses and evaluations outlaw emotions, and states that they are usually undergo by subordinated individuals who pay a disproportionately high price for maintaining the status quo (1992, 160). However, when the distinction between emotion and reason is maintained biases against emotional responses in general and unconventional emotional responses in particular, are disregarded.For example, a woman may feel anger or fear when a sexist joke is made, but when she tries to voice her opinion she is told either that she did not understand the joke or that she has no sense of humour. Thus, when the distinction is maintained it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to realize that the joke is not funny because it is based on a negative stereotype. That is to say, it is not acknowledge that the stereotype and the expected emotional response is dictated by the current norms and values.Furthermore, because a woman, who may already be identified as a bad observer, is pointing out that there may be a mistake in our way of thinking, her response is disregarded as emotional and unreliable, and the oppressive norms and values go unquestioned. 2. Jaggars Methodology and Potential Problems The benefit of ridding ourse lves of epistemologies that do not acknowledge the role of emotions, both conventional and unconventional, is that we can begin to recognize which norms and values are causing harmful biases and negative stereotypes.Furthermore, Jaggar claims that feminist outlaw emotionswhich are outlaw emotions that incorporate feminist perceptions and valuesare particularly useful in feminist epistemology because they can help in developing alternatives to prevailing reality by need new investigationsFeminist emotions provide a political motivation for investigation and so help determine the selection of problems as well as the method by which they are investigated (1992, 161).Although Jaggar meant to offer a rough sketch of some of the changes that need to be made to our epistemic theories and practices, I think there aresome potential problems that need to be addressed. For one, I think she needs to say more about how we should determine which emotions will lead to fruitful norms and values, a nd which emotions we should reject. To her credit, it seems that Jaggar recognizes this is a question that needs to be addressed given that she tries to give reasons for why certain alternative perceptions of the world, perceptions informed by outlaw emotions, are to be like to perceptions informed by conventional norms (1992, 161).She claims the reason womens outlaw emotions should be given consideration is because women are not members of the group that conventional beliefs about emotions privilege. given up that women experience the consequences of not being privileged, they are not as likely to adhere to these norms without question. Hence, they are better able to articulate the negative aspects of their experiences because they do not fear that this questioning of norms will threaten their privileged status.The problem with this response is that it does not seem to fully answer the question, because some outlaw emotions will not provide reliable guides to identifying biases, and so the difficulty will be distinguishing which emotions are reliable from those that are not. In order to give a more buirdly argument for why we should give special consideration to the emotions of oppressed people she needs to first address the fact that the oppressed do not share one perspective.As pointed out by Marilyn Frye, one problem with making claims about the standpoint of womens emotional perspectives is that such claims seem to presuppose there are universal types of emotionsoutlaw or otherwisethat are consistent throughout the emotions experienced by women. Frye notes that this is a mistake often made by feminists given that it is common for epistemological theories to espouse that all knowers are essentially alike, that is, are essentially like oneself one thinks that one speaks not just as oneself, but as a human being (35).What happens in feminist theorizing as a response to this attitude is feminists become convinced they need to speak as Women in order to be taken seriously. As Frye points out, feminists often face the difficult task of trying to articulate the circumstances, experience and perception of those who are historically, materially, culturally constructed by or through the concept women. But the differences among women across cultures, locales and generations make it clear that although all female humans may live lives cause by the concepts of Woman, they are not all shaped by the same concept of Woman (36).vi The point I want to stress from this passage is that not all women will experience the same emotions in the same contexts because we are formed by different concepts of Woman even though women in general face oppression in one form or another. In response to the problem of womens differing experiences, Frye suggests feminists approach epistemology with a different methodology. That is, a methodology that will allow women to give meaning to their own experiences even though they are not experiences that are shared by a ll women.Part of this drop entails that feminists give up the notion of a universal womens experience. Another part is that they listen to many different womens experiences and look for patterns of similarity. Frye suggests this methodology will result in the following The experiences of each woman and of the women collectively generate a new web of meaning. Our process has been one of discovering, recognizing, and creating patternspatterns within which experience made a new kind of sense, or in instances, for the first time made any sense at all.Instead of bringing a physical body of enquiry to closure by summing up what is known, as other ways of generalizing do, pattern experience/constructions opens fields of meaning and generates new interpretive possibilities. Instead of draw conclusions from observations, it generates observations. (39) I think this methodology will be helpful in pointing out the outlaw emotions that can offer guidance as to which of our norms and values are questionable, and opens a dialogue over potential ways to change them.The methodology Frye advocates can be further developed if we consider potential ways in which women can express their experiences such that patterns can be recognized. One approach that I find particularly convincing is offered by Morwenna Griffiths. Griffiths suggests that feminist epistemologists can lend oneself autobiographical accounts of womens experiences as a means of articulating the differences between womens experiences. Like Frye, Griffiths also notes that there is no one experience common to all women.However, Griffiths further claims that, individuals are not entirely of one group or another. On the contrary, individuals are fragments of an uncertain number of groups (62). The conclusion she draws from this point is that it is an oversimplification to restrict the types of knowledge humans can acquire into categories like womens knowledge. One person can experience oppression from the perspect ive of more than one position. To name a few, one may experience oppressions from the perspectives of a particular race, class, gender, or sexual orientation, and intersections of these.For example, the oppression experienced by a native woman is not the same as that experienced by a native man or that experienced by a white woman. Hence, Griffiths suggests that ones positions in the world at different times can contribute to her understanding of the world, which in turn will influence the knowledge she can acquire about the world. Noting the different positions from which an individual can have experiences and acquire knowledge is important because it suggests that there can be similarities between the positions we occupy and the individual experiences we have.This potential to have similar experiences of the world further suggests that similarities in experience make it the case that we are not completely denied access to other peoples understanding of the world. The reason Griffi ths thinks autobiographical accounts are a crucial feature of feminist epistemology is because the way in which individuals come to find similarities in experiences is through language. To further polish off her point, she argues that, language has a considerable power to determine what we see and do, but this power is not absolute. We also create new language, by working on the languages in which we live.Individual experience can be used in creation knowledge in combinations with the experiences of others. Groups can develop languages of their own if they share particular psychosocial, social and linguistic experiences. Thus women in society, for instance, who share particular positions within it can develop a way of talking about this. (66) In short, Griffiths suggests that language is key to feminist epistemology because it points out how women with different experiences can nonetheless come to some consensuses on the oppressions they experience and the knowledge developed from these experiences. 3. ConclusionI think that if we incorporate Griffiths and Fryes approach on Jaggars theory what we will find is a more tenable response to questions about which outlaw emotions can be regarded as being particular to women namely, patterns of outlaw emotions that feminists have recognized through the expression of different womens autobiographical accounts. And once we can pour down pointing out the commonalities between the different perspectives that arise from the standpoint of different women, we can begin show that there is something about womens reality that makes it the case that they are experiencing the world differently than men.I have not even scratched the surface with respect to giving a detailed explanation of exactly how Jaggar thinks a fully functional theory of outlaw emotions might look. However, I am assuming that once theorists start admitting that emotion is an integral part of epistemology the intricate details of how to identify fruitful out law emotions will be worked out. For instance, we might be able to start identifying patterns of emotions that could be considered outlaw emotions and which norms and values that they are a response to.And this recognition will further our abilities to start questioning the norms and values that guide our epistemic practices. I think this is the sort of thing Jaggar had in mind when she states that the benefit of bridging the gap between emotion and knowledge is that our emotions, when properly accessed, may contribute to the nurture of knowledge, so the growth of knowledge may contribute to the development of appropriate emotions (1992,163).The development of this project may be slow and arduous, but given the problems that exist in traditional epistemology I think Jaggars project seems worthy of consideration as a potential contributor to a solution. NOTES i For the purposes of this paper I will equate feminist epistemologists with feminists philosophers of science given that th ere are many overlapping interests between the two. ii For similar arguments, particularly with respect to how positivism had contributed to the notion of the ideal objective knower, see Jaggar (1992) and (1983), especially pp.355-358 Code (1993). iii As noted by Louise Antony, For discussions of epistemological frameworks available to feminists, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism, (Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell University Press, 1986), especially pp. 24-29 Mary Hawkesworth, Feminist Epistemology A Survey of the Field, Women and Politics 7 (1987) 112-124 and Hilary Rose, Hand, Brain, and Heart A feminist Epistemology for the Natural Sciences, Signs 9, 11 (1983) 73-90. (Antony 2002, Note 3).iv For discussion of Feminist Standpoint Theory, see Bar On (1993) Harding (1993) Longino (1993). For a more general analysis of essentialism in feminist theorizing, see Spelman (1988). v Thanks to Elizabeth Brake for clarifying the distinction between the emotion of amusement and the behavior of laughter, as well as supplying me with an example of amusement anticipation. vi Jaggar does mention that she is speaking very generally of people and their emotions, as though everyone experienced similar emotions and dealt with them in similar ways (Jaggar 1992, 157).And she further notes that it is an apothegm of feminist theorythat all generalizations about people are suspect (Jaggar 1992, 157). So she does, at the very least, seem to recognize that she may fall work to Fryes criticism. However, she goes on to argue that making generalizations about the emotionality of women is part of how the epistemic authority of men is perpetuated, and she does not address the issue of how she should deal with the problem as it applies to standpoint theory.I find this particularly odd given that in another work she claims that part of the project of feminist ethics entails that feminists be sensitive to the fact that all women are not similarly situated in such a way that univer sal claims can be made about them even though there are commonalities between womens situatedness at times. (Jaggar 1991). So, although I am uncertain as to why she does not deal with problems that might arise from this issue as it applies to standpoint theory, I gather that she would welcome rather than reject feminist theories that could aid her in avoiding this problem as it would apply to feminist epistemology.BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcoff, Linda, and Elizabeth putter. 1993. Feminist epistemologies. New York Routledge. Antony, Louise. 2002. Quine as a feminist the radical import of naturalized epistemology. In A mind of ones own 2nd edition, ed. Louise M. Antony and Charlotte E. Witt. Colorado Westview Press. Bar On, Bat-Ami. 1993. Marginality and epistemic privilege. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and work 1993. Code, Lorraine. 1993. Taking subjectivity into account. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Frye, Marilyn. 1996. The possibility of feminist theory. In Women, knowledge and reality 2nd edition. ed. Ann Garry and Marilyn Pearsall. New York Routledge. Griffiths, Morwenna. 1995. Feminisms and the self. New York Routledge. Harding, Sandra. 1993. Rethinking standpoint epistemology what is strong objectivity?. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Jaggar, Alison M. 1992. Love and knowledge emotions in feminist epistemology. In Gender/body/knowledge. ed. Alison M. Jaggar and Susan R. Bordo. New Brunswick Rutgers University Press. . 1991. Feminist ethics projects, problems, prospects.In Feminist ethics. ed. Claudia Card. Kansas University Press of Kansas. . 1983. Feminist regime and human nature. New Jersey Rowman & Allanheld Publishers. Longino, Helen E. 1993. Subjects, power and knowledge description and prescription in feminist philosophies of science. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Scheman, Naomi. 1993. Engenderings constructions of knowledge, authority, and privilege. New York Routledge. Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1988. inessential women problems of exclusion in feminist thought Boston Beacon Press.

Plot summary of the old man and the sea Essay

The Old Man and The Sea is the story of an epic that makes a very great effort between an hoary, who has a lot of experience of a particular activity and he is the epitome of a modern mankind life, it was happened in a sm tout ensemble fishing village near Havana,Cuba, The amniotic fluid of the Gulf of Mexico, in the 1940,s in the twentieth century.The writers of modern age focused on man as well as psyche of man rather than society, so that Ernest Hemingway wants to write the former(a) man and the sea ,which was the old(capital of Chile) suffered from alienation ,that alone every(prenominal) the judgment of conviction, it was one of the features of modern age. (Miller, 2002 3). In 1930,s and during the second world war Ernest Hemingway was lived in Cuba, and because he was loved hunting and fishing and in the age of childhood he fished and hunted with his father, so that he began to write the old man and the sea in the last eld of his life and published in the 1952 as a singl e issue of human life in modern age. Miller, 20055). NoteIn that small village, the villagers must work, which work it is fishing to get money so as to sustain in life, so that each members in the village go to sea with his boat or skiff in the early morning for fishing, and capital of Chile, old Cuban fisherman was one of them, just alone. As (Ernest Hemingway express). He had a shack which was a small construct made of woods, in it a bed, a table, one chair, a picture in colour of Sacred heart of Jesus and an different of Virgin of Cobre of his wife on the shelf in the receding under his shirt. He had a small boat and gone eighty-four old age without took a fish.The son named Manolin, that the old man took him when he was five years old and the boy loved him too much and loyalty for him, when the boy saw him without taking a fish in the first forty days while he took three fish in the first week. It made the boy, unlucky to see the old man each day went and came, went and came with his skiff empty and without fish, whence the boy came to help him such as coiled lines or the pole, harpoon, brought coffee, sometimes with some food from Martin or Perico, and newspapers that talked about baseball, because it would been the discussion between Santiago and Manolin, that Santiago had a huge dmired for the Great DiMaggio, he was great in baseball player, and whose father was fisherman.The boy left him because his parents forced him to do, and go to another boat. The parents of the boy with the villagers called Santiago salau or unlucky and laughed at him, but Santiago said toward Manolin I knew you did not leave me because you doubted, then the boy said no it was aline because my father made me left, so I must obey him, finally the boy left him and Santiago goes to sleep, in his sleep he dreamt lions that played on the white beach of Africa, this was a sense when he was a very young man.The next morning before sunrise Santiago went to Manolins crime syndicat e to wake Manolin so as to carry Santiagos gear to his boat and drinking coffee, on the beach wished each other good luck. (Miller, 1988 3-20). This time that started with the new day Santiago decided to go far out from others fisherman in the sea, he rowed steadily away from shore toward the deep waters of Gulf Stream. The first he heard the leaps of the flying fish then he saw flying fish pursued by dolphins a diving, circled seabird, he considered to be his friend, and he followed farther and farther out the seabird that was hunting for fish.One of the old mans lines goes slopped, and then the old man said out laud, would made a lovely piece of bait. Big fish pulled the boat every day farthest from shore until lost lights of his village. He toilettet increase the tension on the line, because if it was too tauted it will be break and the fish will get away. It was a kind of defend whacking fish (Marlin), and Santiago, that Marlin wants to get free and the old man wants to get his aim, goal, and desire that stands for life.Because he could not took big fish in to his boat and said a loud I wished I had the boy, but nothing, then he said to himself you have to work better, it was a kind of encourage himself, and he was optimistic all the time although he was alone, and cant catch a fish, so as to helped himself he said toward Marlin I loved you and I respect you but I will killed you dead before sunset, after that a small tired bird named (Warble) came from north toward the old mans boat, perched on the taut fishing line that linked the old man to the big fish, the old man told the bird to stayed and rested here to live and to sustain like other every man or birds, he said you were tired and loneliness as me.He didnt mentioned the Hawks that waited for little bird, suddenly the Marlin surged, and the bird left him without any reaction, Santiago didnt aware of the bird because his hand was bled, while marlin was quiet, the old man took the line with his bac k and ate the tuna that he caught day before, then turned to his imaginary mind to baseball, the great DiMaggio, and he wondered if DiMaggio would stayed with the marlin.The marlin woke and jumped out of water again and again and began to circle around the boat for hours and the line taken by Santiagos hand that fought with the circling fish, after hat he pulled the fish on to it was side by the boat and plunged his harpoon in to it. (Miller Asiaing. com, 10-37). Note this instant he was happy, comfort and without any harm or pain because he got or completed his great aim, desire with the catching of big fish. Here the ample strength struggle finished between The Old Man, and the Marlin with the fish lurched out of the water and dead, he pulled the boat toward the fish fastened the fish to the side of the boat. He thought how much money he could make from such a big fish, and he imagined that DiMaggio would be proud of him.The old man found himself wondered, luck, happy, and got h is aim, goal, and he rowed toward his village with the great won in his life, but his happiness long less which an hour later amako shark arrived having smelled the marlins blood, the second fight and struggle began with sharks that wanted to eat the marlins flesh, he was able to killed a number of sharks with his knife and weapon, but he lost his knife and things in the process. He was reverse after all and when he got back to the shore of his village there was nothing left but the head, the Skelton, and tail of the marlin. He beached his boat and went to his small building slept and dreamed the lions and turtles.The next morning, Manolin came to the old mans shack with brought a coffee and despite the old mans bad luck he decided to go fishing with him again. The entire fisherman had gathered around the Santiagos boat and measured the Skelton at eighteen feet. Hemingway employed a number of images that link Santiago to Christ, the model of transcendence, who turned loss in to gai n, defeat in to triumph, and even death in to new life, and as a representative character for everyone in the society. (Miller, 200226-31). Major Characters in the old man and the sea *Just we had two major characters, 1-Santiago, (The Old Man). 2-Manolin, (The Boy). -Santiago The old man of the novellas title.He was a Cuban fisherman, suffered terribly throughout The Old man and The Sea, he had went eighty-four days without caught a fish, and became laughingstock of his village, but he was able to patient. (Miller, 2002 5). -Manolin was present only in the beginning and in the end of The Old Man and the Sea, but his presence was important, because Manolins love and loyalty for Santiago highlighted the Santiagos valued as a person and as a fisherman. (Miller, 20056). Minor Characters in the old man and the sea We had four diminished characters in the old man and the sea. 1-Marlin, (Big fish). 2-Joe DiMaggio. 3-Martin. 4-Perico. *Marlin It was a big fish, which was the greatest aim and goal of Santiago.The struggle more than three days between Santiago and Marlin, it was the trying by Santiago to catch Marlin, he had took marlin, but it was destroyed by sharks later. (Miller, 20025). *Joe DiMaggio although he never appeared in the story. He was one of American most noteworthy baseball players Santiago worshiped him as a model of strengthen and young. (Miller, 1988 55-56). Note he always *Martin Martin a cafe owner in Santiagos village, didnt appeared in the story. Manolin often went to martin for Santiagos supper and others. (Miller, 198812). *Perico perico was the owner of the bodega in the Santiagos village. He didnt appear in the novella the old man and the sea, but he served an important role in the fishermans life about the scored of the baseballs newspaper.

Glutinous Rice and Cocoa Powder

Tricia Bugarin Katruz Albano BUS 100 15 Aug 2011 Champorado The Breakfast of Champions Champorado is a Filipino chocolate cereal made with sweet aroused rice much like the kind of rice you would use to make sushi. Filipinos consider this as the oatmeal or porridge that people eat in the morning. Champorado is considered to be the breakfast of champions because this type of food is cooked with cocoa powder and mixed with scratch line which is guaranteed to admit you an amazing burst of energy for a long period of time.Champorado originated abide when the Spaniards colonized the Philippines in the late 1500s during their galleon trades where Spanish ships sailed twice a year across the Pacific Ocean between the Philippines and Acapulco. A lot of the trades exist of silk, ceramics, and spices, and because of the frequent sailing, a lot of the Spaniards decided to stay in the Philippines bringing with them their familiarity of making Champorado. Over the century, this dish was made in many different ways.It mint be rund for breakfast, or as a snack. You can also eat champorado when its cold after putting it in a fridge. Usually several(prenominal) Filipino eats the champorado with the combination of a dried fish. Although, it can be considered as a poor mans food because it does not follow a lot of money and it is relatively easy to make. Everything you will enquire can be bought at your local grocery store. All you will need is a cup of sticky white rice, half a cup of unsweetened cocoa powder, two and a half cups of water, and half a cup of sugar.You can also add a secondary bit of vanilla extract but that is entirely up to you. You will, however, need evaporated milk which will give the Champorado a little bit of creme color and to get the thickness down before you start indulging in this delight. Cooking this dish is very truthful and does not require a lot of math. Boil the cup of sticky white rice in a medium saucepan stirring constantly because you do not want the rice to clump up together. The rice is ready hen it is transparent and thicker in texture and consistency. Add your cocoa powder and the sugar mixing and stirring these ingredients together. Ones the cocoa powder and the sugar are well blended with the rice turn the heat off and put a little serving in a bowl. Now, you are ready to serve this delightful dish with a swirl of evaporated milk on top. You can typically serve Champorado hot or cold. In our culture, we serve this with a side of salty fish or meat for breakfast.Our society is one big melting troop of cultures where a lot of things are being introduced. It is okay to expose yourself to the many types of delicatessen available out there. The worst possible thing that can make pass to you is a swollen throat or you can even break out in hives due to your allergies, so just be certified of the ingredients being used. Despite of the differences that we may have, we do have one thing in common we all love to eat.