Ancient China Summary Essay

Ancient China Essay By: Zach Ellwood Summary There were four great dynasties in Ancient China; the Han, Shang, Qin, and Zhou. Some of the Shang accomplishments were set up an empire, and started the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven. †The Zhou Dynasty set up a Feudal System and started the Great Wall. The Qin Dynasty extended the Great Wall and standardized coins, weights and measures. The Han Dynasty accomplished more things than the other dynasties, they invented paper, the seismograph, set up the Silk Road, started exams for civil service and finished the Great Wall.Thesis Statement; Although the other dynasties were great, the Han Dynasty was the greatest. Support Paragraph Although the other dynasties were great, the Han Dynasty was the greatest. The Han Dynasty was the greatest because they accomplished more things than the other dynasties, they invented paper, the seismograph, set up the Silk Road, started exams for civil service and finished the Great Wall. The Qin and Zhou Dyna sties failed to complete the Great Wall.The Han Dynasty’s philosophy was a mixture of Confucianism and Legalism making ruler Wu Di and Gau Zu really respected and powerful leaders. Ruler Qin Shi-Huang Di only used Legalism so he was more powerful than respected and Confucias only used Confucianism so he was more respected than powerful. The Han Dynasty also improved Chinese writing. The Shang Dynasty made a simpler not as good writing system called pictographs. Conclusion Paragraph There were four great dynasties in Ancient China; the Han, Shang, Qin, and Zhou.Some of the Shang accomplishments were set up an empire, and started the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven. †The Zhou Dynasty set up a Feudal System and started the Great Wall. The Qin Dynasty extended the Great Wall and standardized coins, weights and measures. The Han Dynasty accomplished more things than the other dynasties, they invented paper, the seismograph, set up the Silk Road, started exams for civil service and finished the Great Wall. That is why the Han Dynasty is the greatest.

Csr Toyota

Assignment 1 / Essay Assignment question: It is sometime suggested that CSR activities are increasing strategic in that it affects that core business of the firm and its growth, profitability and survival? Drawing on an example of a corporation/company (National/ International), discuss this in the context of business strategies, in particular on the issues of competitive advantage and firm performance. Introduction In this essay, we will discuss why organizations began CSR and how it is or can be or why should it be implemented. CSR usually get started off either as an integral part of the business strategy or corporate identity, or it can be used as a defensive policy, with the latter being used more often by companies targeted by activists. Rationale for CSR implementation is based on either a moral, a rational, or an economic argument (Werther & Chandler, 2006). Campbell (2007) which is a representative of a group of studies that create testable propositions related to the conditions under which organizations will move toward CSR. Studies show that corporations’ level of social responsibility as being influenced by factors such as financial conditions of the firm, health of the economy, and well-enforced state regulations. Reason why companies take on CSR is also being discussed in the literature in terms of the specific initiatives under which CSR may fall. Ways of describing these rationales varies, from the more skeptical view of cause-related marketing to a more generous attribution of genuine socially responsible business practices (Kotler & Lee, 2005). To ascertain how CSR is implemented in organizations, some researchers uses a developmental framework to show change in awareness, strategy, and action over time, and posits stages of CSR from elementary to transforming (e. g. , Mirvis & Googins, 2006). Jackson and Nelson (2004) take more of a how-to approach, offering a principle-based framework for mastering what they call the â€Å"new rules of the game. † Examples of principles include harnessing innovation for the public good, putting people at the center, and spreading economic opportunity where in this essay will discuss on how Toyota Motor Corporation applies this. CSR of Toyota Motor Corporation Many companies have established their corporate identities using branding through CSR, which has eventually becoming a focal point of their success and competitive advantage (Werther & Chandler, 2006). Toyota Motor Corporation recognizes corporate social responsibilities and emphasis on safety, the environment and education to offer to people the tools needed to make a difference to help and protect the environment. The company operates under the guidance of a global earth charter that promotes environmental responsibility throughout the organization worldwide. Toyota becomes the leader in leading the industry to lower emissions and improving fuel economy vehicles. Not only did Toyota create the world's first mass-production gas/electric hybrid car, they are also working ahead in the development of future fuel cell vehicles. (Toyota. com 2011) Toyota Motor Corporation’s commitment to preserving the environment doesn’t stop at just their vehicles. Two of their manufacturing plants have been designated as zero landfill producing operations. Green† complex in California has one of the largest commercial solar panel systems in North America which conserves more than 11 Million gallons of drinking water annually through special pipelines that supply recycled water for cooling and landscaping. (Toyota. com 2011) In addition, contributing to their dedication in environmental preservation, Toyota has also developed strong partnerships with organizations such as The National Arbor Day Foundation and The National Environmental Edu cation ; Training Foundation. The corporation partners with organizations, schools, universities and other businesses to support programs that help make the world a better place. Toyota Motor Corporation has a variety of national programs like Toyota Driving Expectations Safety Program, Toyota Youth For Understanding Summer Exchange Scholarship Program, Toyota International Teacher Program, National Center for Family Literacy, Toyota Community Scholars, United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Internship Program and others. Strategic Models of CSR Strategic planning as opposed to operational planning concerns the general long-term planning of a Toyota Corporation with the aim to gain economic advantages in the competitive market place. Operational planning in contrast incorporates concrete short- or medium-term activities in line with the strategic goals of the company (Wohe 1993: 141). A strategic plan usually consists of an analysis of the firm and its environment, the development of strategic goals and alternative strategies, the assessment, evaluation and selection of strategic alternatives, and the implementation, evaluation and control of the strategies (Grant 2005, Hopfenbeck 1997: 40) in which Toyota Corporation did when they came up with their CSR It has been demonstrated by Porter and Kramer that a strategic approach to CSR can incorporate competitive advantages for Toyota Corporation but even more importantly, it allows for an integrated and effective implementation of CS. Following this argumentation, an inclusive strategic model of CSR was developed combining central ideas of CSR theory with the classical model of strategic planning using narrow view and boarder view. Narrow view On the contrary, supporters of narrow view in CSR claim that Toyota corporations have just one objective- make money. They believe that caring for the environmental, society and other problems are the responsibilities of government and non-profit making organizations sponsored by governments. A bright supporter of the narrow view is as mention in Milton Friedman theory that those who claims that diverting corporations from the chase of profit makes our economic system less effective. Friedman states: â€Å"The stockholders or the customers or the employees could separately spend their own money on the particular action if they wished to do so. The executive is exercising a distinct â€Å"social responsibility,† rather than serving as an agent of the stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he spends the money in a different way than they would have spent it† ( M. Friedman 1970). Another defender of narrow view in corporate social responsibility is famous economist Adam Smith, whose â€Å"invisible hand† argument states that if every member of society in a free market economy strives to promote his own economic interests they are led to promote the general good. This may be a good argument in other eras of economics, but using this argument to justify for support of the narrow view will reasonably arise criticisms. The hand-of-government argument of the narrow view states that businesses should have no social role other than making oney. According to inept-custodian argument business executives lack    moral and social expertise, and can only make economic decisions. To ask executives to take charge of non-economic responsibilities is equal to putting social welfare in the hands of inept custodians. Broader view Supporter of broader view believe that Toyota Corporation have other obligations apart from pursuing profit because of their great social and economic power, Toyota corporations must carry social responsibility towards society and wider community. Businesses cannot make decisions which are made solely with economic point of view, because Toyota Corporation are interrelated with the whole social system. Business activities have deep implications for society. As a result, society expects Toyota Corporation to pursue other responsibilities as well. A social contract between society and business represents a unstated understanding within society about the proper goals and responsibilities of business. This social contract is an on-going process of negotiation and change. Conclusion This is the basic reason why the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce resources to alternative uses. The New York Times Magazine (1970) To illustrate, it may well be in the long run interest for Toyota Corporation that is a major employer in a small community to devote resources to providing amenities to that community or to improving its government. That may make it easier to attract desirable employees, it may reduce the wage bill or lessen losses from pilferage and sabotage or have other worthwhile effects. Or it may be that, given the laws about the deductibility of corporate charitable contributions, the stockholders can contribute more to charities they favor by having the corporation make the gift than by doing it themselves, since they can in that way contribute an amount that would otherwise have been paid as corporate taxes. The New York Times Magazine (1970) There are many different views regarding corporate social responsibility. Some people defend â€Å"broader view† saying that corporations should contribute back to society from their profits they make by selling their products and services to the members of that society. Others defend â€Å"narrow view† justifying they stand by claiming that executives are not moral agents and it would be a mistake to include to the scope of their responsibilities to care about nature, wider community and society in general. My personal view is that profit maximization should not be the only objective of any business corporations. Every company uses resources to manufacture its products or bring its services. These resources include land, human resources, and other resources from nature including gas, water, oil, etc. The fees the companies pay for these resources when obtaining them are insignificant if one compares them with the huge amount of profits companies make when manufacturing products using these resources. Corporations must, therefore, contribute part of their earnings to society and environment as a way of paying back, even if they have paid when obtaining resources. Thus, I agree to â€Å"broader view† in Corporate Social Responsibility and Toyota Motor Corporation is justly and generously contributing to environment and the society and considered a model corporation fulfilling its corporate responsibilities. Referencing Alessia D'Amato, 2009. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Business: A Guide to Leadership Tasks and Functions. Edition. Center for Creative Leadership. Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32, 946–967. Grant, Robert M. (2005): Contemporary Strategic Analysis, 5. ed. Malden, Oxford, Carlton Hopfenbeck, Waldemar (1997): Allgemeine Betriebswirtschafts- und Managementlehre: Das Unternehmen im Spannungsfeld z Jackson, I. A. , & Nelson, J. (2004). Profits with principles: Seven strategies for delivering value with values. New York: Doubleday. Kotler, P. , & Lee, N. (2005). Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Mirvis, P. , & Googins, B. K. (2006). Stages of corporate citizenship: A developmental framework [Monograph]. Chestnut Hill, MA: The Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship. The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. Copyright @ 1970 by The New York Times Company. Werther, W. B. , Jr. , & Chandler, D. A. (2006). Strategic corporate social responsibility. New York: Sage Publications.

Recovery System Dbms

17. Recovery System in DBMS – Presentation Transcript 1. Chapter 17: Recovery System * Failure Classification * Storage Structure * Recovery and Atomicity * Log-Based Recovery * Shadow Paging * Recovery With Concurrent Transactions * Buffer Management * Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage * Advanced Recovery Techniques * ARIES Recovery Algorithm * Remote Backup Systems 2. Failure Classification * Transaction failure : * Logical errors : transaction cannot complete due to some internal error condition * System errors : the database system must terminate an active transaction due to an error condition (e. . , deadlock) * System crash : a power failure or other hardware or software failure causes the system to crash. * Fail-stop assumption : non-volatile storage contents are assumed to not be corrupted by system crash * Database systems have numerous integrity checks to prevent corruption of disk data * Disk failure : a head crash or similar disk failure destroys all or part of disk storage * Destruction is assumed to be detectable: disk drives use checksums to detect failures 3. Recovery Algorithms Recovery algorithms are techniques to ensure database consistency and transaction atomicity and durability despite failures * Focus of this chapter * Recovery algorithms have two parts * Actions taken during normal transaction processing to ensure enough information exists to recover from failures * Actions taken after a failure to recover the database contents to a state that ensures atomicity, consistency and durability 4. Storage Structure * Volatile storage : * does not survive system crashes * examples: main memory, cache memory * Nonvolatile storage : survives system crashes * examples: disk, tape, flash memory, non-volatile (battery backed up) RAM * Stable storage : * a mythical form of storage that survives all failures * approximated by maintaining multiple copies on distinct nonvolatile media 5. Stable-Storage Implementation * Maintain multiple co pies of each block on separate disks * copies can be at remote sites to protect against disasters such as fire or flooding. * Failure during data transfer can still result in inconsistent copies: Block transfer can result in * Successful completion Partial failure: destination block has incorrect information * Total failure: destination block was never updated * Protecting storage media from failure during data transfer (one solution): * Execute output operation as follows (assuming two copies of each block): * Write the information onto the first physical block. * When the first write successfully completes, write the same information onto the second physical block. * The output is completed only after the second write successfully completes. 6.Stable-Storage Implementation (Cont. ) * Protecting storage media from failure during data transfer (cont. ): * Copies of a block may differ due to failure during output operation. To recover from failure: * First find inconsistent blocks: * Expensive solution : Compare the two copies of every disk block. * Better solution : * Record in-progress disk writes on non-volatile storage (Non-volatile RAM or special area of disk). * Use this information during recovery to find blocks that may be inconsistent, and only compare copies of these. Used in hardware RAID systems * If either copy of an inconsistent block is detected to have an error (bad checksum), overwrite it by the other copy. If both have no error, but are different, overwrite the second block by the first block. 7. Data Access * Physical blocks are those blocks residing on the disk. * Buffer blocks are the blocks residing temporarily in main memory. * Block movements between disk and main memory are initiated through the following two operations: * input ( B ) transfers the physical block B to main memory. output ( B ) transfers the buffer block B to the disk, and replaces the appropriate physical block there. * Each transaction T i has its private work-area in which local copies of all data items accessed and updated by it are kept. * T i ‘s local copy of a data item X is called x i . * We assume, for simplicity, that each data item fits in, and is stored inside, a single block. 8. Data Access (Cont. ) * Transaction transfers data items between system buffer blocks and its private work-area using the following operations : * read ( X ) assigns the value of data item X to the local variable x i . write ( X ) assigns the value of local variable x i to data item { X } in the buffer block. * both these commands may necessitate the issue of an input (B X ) instruction before the assignment, if the block B X in which X resides is not already in memory. * Transactions * Perform read ( X ) while accessing X for the first time; * All subsequent accesses are to the local copy. * After last access, transaction executes write ( X ). * output ( B X ) need not immediately follow write ( X ).System can perform the output operation when it deems fi t. 9. Example of Data Access x Y A B x 1 y 1 buffer Buffer Block A Buffer Block B input(A) output(B) read(X) write(Y) disk work area of T 1 work area of T 2 memory x 2 10. Recovery and Atomicity * Modifying the database without ensuring that the transaction will commit may leave the database in an inconsistent state. * Consider transaction T i that transfers $50 from account A to account B ; goal is either to perform all database modifications made by T i or none at all. Several output operations may be required for T i (to output A and B ). A failure may occur after one of these modifications have been made but before all of them are made. 11. Recovery and Atomicity (Cont. ) * To ensure atomicity despite failures, we first output information describing the modifications to stable storage without modifying the database itself. * We study two approaches: * log-based recovery , and * shadow-paging * We assume (initially) that transactions run serially, that is, one after the other. 12 . Log-Based Recovery A log is kept on stable storage. * The log is a sequence of log records , and maintains a record of update activities on the database. * When transaction T i starts, it registers itself by writing a ;T i start ;log record * Before T i executes write ( X ), a log record ;T i , X, V 1 , V 2 ; is written, where V 1 is the value of X before the write, and V 2 is the value to be written to X . * Log record notes that T i has performed a write on data item X j X j had value V 1 before the write, and will have value V 2 after the write. When T i finishes it last statement, the log record ; T i commi t; is written. * We assume for now that log records are written directly to stable storage (that is, they are not buffered) * Two approaches using logs * Deferred database modification * Immediate database modification 13. Deferred Database Modification * The deferred database modification scheme records all modifications to the log, but defers all the write s to after part ial commit. * Assume that transactions execute serially Transaction starts by writing ;T i start ; record to log. * A write ( X ) operation results in a log record ;T i , X, V; being written, where V is the new value for X * Note: old value is not needed for this scheme * The write is not performed on X at this time, but is deferred. * When T i partially commits, ; T i commit ; is written to the log * Finally, the log records are read and used to actually execute the previously deferred writes. 14. Deferred Database Modification (Cont. ) During recovery after a crash, a transaction needs to be redone if and only if both ;T i start ; and; T i commit ; are there in the log. * Redoing a transaction T i ( redo T i ) sets the value of all data items updated by the transaction to the new values. * Crashes can occur while * the transaction is executing the original updates, or * while recovery action is being taken * example transactions T 0 and T 1 ( T 0 executes before T 1 ): * T 0 : rea d ( A ) T 1 : read ( C ) * A: – A – 50 C:- C- 100 Write ( A ) write ( C ) * read ( B ) * B:- B + 50 * write ( B ) 15. Deferred Database Modification (Cont. ) * Below we show the log as it appears at three instances of time. * If log on stable storage at time of crash is as in case: * (a) No redo actions need to be taken * (b) redo( T 0 ) must be performed since ; T 0 commi t; is present * (c) redo ( T 0 ) must be performed followed by redo( T 1 ) since * ; T 0 commit ; and ; T i commit; are present 16. Immediate Database Modification The immediate database modification scheme allows database updates of an uncommitted transaction to be made as the writes are issued * since undoing may be needed, update logs must have both old value and new value * Update log record must be written before database item is written * We assume that the log record is output directly to stable storage * Can be extended to postpone log record output, so long as prior to execution of an output ( B ) operation for a data block B, all log records corresponding to items B must be flushed to stable storage * Output of updated blocks can take place at any time before or after transaction commit * Order in which blocks are output can be different from the order in which they are written. 17. Immediate Database Modification Example * Log Write Output * ; T 0 start ; ; T 0 , A, 1000, 950; * T o , B, 2000, 2050 * A = 950 * B = 2050 * ; T 0 commit ; * ; T 1 start ; * ; T 1 , C, 700, 600; * C = 600 * B B , B C * ; T 1 commit ; * B A * Note: B X denotes block containing X . x 1 18. Immediate Database Modification (Cont. ) * Recovery procedure has two operations instead of one: * undo ( T i ) restores the value of all data items updated by T i to their old values, going backwards from the last log record for T i * redo ( T i ) sets the value of all data items updated by T i to the new values, going forward from the first log record for T i * Both operations must be idempotent That is , even if the operation is executed multiple times the effect is the same as if it is executed once * Needed since operations may get re-executed during recovery * When recovering after failure: * Transaction T i needs to be undone if the log contains the record ;T i start ; , but does not contain the record ;T i commit ; . * Transaction T i needs to be redone if the log contains both the record ;T i start ; and the record ;T i commit ; . * Undo operations are performed first, then redo operations. 19. Immediate DB Modification Recovery Example * Below we show the log as it appears at three instances of time. * Recovery actions in each case above are: * (a) undo ( T 0 ): B is restored to 2000 and A to 1000. (b) undo ( T 1 ) and redo ( T 0 ): C is restored to 700, and then A and B are * set to 950 and 2050 respectively. * (c) redo ( T 0 ) and redo ( T 1 ): A and B are set to 950 and 2050 * respectively. Then C is set to 600 20. Checkpoints * Problems in recovery procedure as discusse d earlier : * searching the entire log is time-consuming * we might unnecessarily redo transactions which have already * output their updates to the database. * Streamline recovery procedure by periodically performing checkpointing * Output all log records currently residing in main memory onto stable storage. * Output all modified buffer blocks to the disk. * Write a log record ; checkpoint ; onto stable storage. 1. Checkpoints (Cont. ) * During recovery we need to consider only the most recent transaction T i that started before the checkpoint, and transactions that started after T i . * Scan backwards from end of log to find the most recent ; checkpoint ; record * Continue scanning backwards till a record ;T i start ; is found. * Need only consider the part of log following above star t record. Earlier part of log can be ignored during recovery, and can be erased whenever desired. * For all transactions (starting from T i or later) with no ;T i commit ; , execute undo ( T i ). (D one only in case of immediate modification. * Scanning forward in the log, for all transactions starting from T i or later with a ;T i commit ; , execute redo ( T i ). 22. Example of Checkpoints * T 1 can be ignored (updates already output to disk due to checkpoint) * T 2 and T 3 redone. * T 4 undone T c T f T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 checkpoint system failure 23. Shadow Paging * Shadow paging is an alternative to log-based recovery; this scheme is useful if transactions execute serially * Idea: maintain two page tables during the lifetime of a transaction –the current page table , and the shadow page table * Store the shadow page table in nonvolatile storage, such that state of the database prior to transaction execution may be recovered. Shadow page table is never modified during execution * To start with, both the page tables are identical. Only current page table is used for data item accesses during execution of the transaction. * Whenever any page is about to be written for the fi rst time * A copy of this page is made onto an unused page. * The current page table is then made to point to the copy * The update is performed on the copy 24. Sample Page Table 25. Example of Shadow Paging Shadow and current page tables after write to page 4 26. Shadow Paging (Cont. ) * To commit a transaction : * 1. Flush all modified pages in main memory to disk * 2. Output current page table to disk * 3.Make the current page table the new shadow page table, as follows: * keep a pointer to the shadow page table at a fixed (known) location on disk. * to make the current page table the new shadow page table, simply update the pointer to point to current page table on disk * Once pointer to shadow page table has been written, transaction is committed. * No recovery is needed after a crash — new transactions can start right away, using the shadow page table. * Pages not pointed to from current/shadow page table should be freed (garbage collected). 27. Show Paging (Cont. ) * A dvantages of shadow-paging over log-based schemes * no overhead of writing log records * recovery is trivial * Disadvantages : * Copying the entire page table is very expensive Can be reduced by using a page table structured like a B + -tree * No need to copy entire tree, only need to copy paths in the tree that lead to updated leaf nodes * Commit overhead is high even with above extension * Need to flush every updated page, and page table * Data gets fragmented (related pages get separated on disk) * After every transaction completion, the database pages containing old versions of modified data need to be garbage collected * Hard to extend algorithm to allow transactions to run concurrently * Easier to extend log based schemes 28. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions * We modify the log-based recovery schemes to allow multiple transactions to execute concurrently. * All transactions share a single disk buffer and a single log * A buffer block can have data items updated by one or more transactions * We assume concurrency control using strict two-phase locking; * i. e. the updates of uncommitted transactions should not be visible to other transactions * Otherwise how to perform undo if T1 updates A, then T2 updates A and commits, and finally T1 has to abort? * Logging is done as described earlier. Log records of different transactions may be interspersed in the log. * The checkpointing technique and actions taken on recovery have to be changed * since several transactions may be active when a checkpoint is performed. 29. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions (Cont. ) * Checkpoints are performed as before, except that the checkpoint log record is now of the form ; checkpoint L ; where L is the list of transactions active at the time of the checkpoint * We assume no updates are in progress while the checkpoint is carried out (will relax this later) * When the system recovers from a crash, it first does the following: * Initialize undo-list and redo-list to empt y Scan the log backwards from the end, stopping when the first ; checkpoint L ; record is found. For each record found during the backward scan: * if the record is ; T i commit ;, add T i to redo-list * if the record is ; T i start ;, then if T i is not in redo-list , add T i to undo-list * For every T i in L , if T i is not in redo-list , add T i to undo-list 30. Recovery With Concurrent Transactions (Cont. ) * At this point undo-list consists of incomplete transactions which must be undone, and redo-list consists of finished transactions that must be redone. * Recovery now continues as follows: Scan log backwards from most recent record, stopping when ; T i start ; records have been encountered for every T i in undo-list . * During the scan, perform undo for each log record that belongs to a transaction in undo-list . * Locate the most recent ; checkpoint L ; record. * Scan log forwards from the ; checkpoint L ; record till the end of the log. * During the scan, perform redo for e ach log record that belongs to a transaction on redo-list 31. Example of Recovery * Go over the steps of the recovery algorithm on the following log: * ; T 0 star t; * ; T 0 , A , 0, 10; * ; T 0 commit ; * ; T 1 start ; * ; T 1 , B , 0, 10; ; T 2 start ; /* Scan in Step 4 stops here */ * ; T 2 , C , 0, 10; * ; T 2 , C , 10, 20; * ;checkpoint { T 1 , T 2 }; * ; T 3 start ; * ; T 3 , A , 10, 20; * ; T 3 , D , 0, 10; * ; T 3 commit ; 32. Log Record Buffering * Log record buffering : log records are buffered in main memory, instead of of being output directly to stable storage. * Log records are output to stable storage when a block of log records in the buffer is full, or a log force operation is executed. * Log force is performed to commit a transaction by forcing all its log records (including the commit record) to stable storage. Several log records can thus be output using a single output operation, reducing the I/O cost. 33. Log Record Buffering (Cont. ) * The rules below must be followed if log records are buffered: * Log records are output to stable storage in the order in which they are created. * Transaction T i enters the commit state only when the log record ; T i commit ; has been output to stable storage. * Before a block of data in main memory is output to the database, all log records pertaining to data in that block must have been output to stable storage. * This rule is called the write-ahead logging or WAL rule * Strictly speaking WAL only requires undo information to be output 34. Database Buffering Database maintains an in-memory buffer of data blocks * When a new block is needed, if buffer is full an existing block needs to be removed from buffer * If the block chosen for removal has been updated, it must be output to disk * As a result of the write-ahead logging rule, if a block with uncommitted updates is output to disk, log records with undo information for the updates are output to the log on stable storage first. * No updates should be i n progress on a block when it is output to disk. Can be ensured as follows. * Before writing a data item, transaction acquires exclusive lock on block containing the data item * Lock can be released once the write is completed. * Such locks held for short duration are called latches . Before a block is output to disk, the system acquires an exclusive latch on the block * Ensures no update can be in progress on the block 35. Buffer Management (Cont. ) * Database buffer can be implemented either * in an area of real main-memory reserved for the database, or * in virtual memory * Implementing buffer in reserved main-memory has drawbacks: * Memory is partitioned before-hand between database buffer and applications, limiting flexibility. * Needs may change, and although operating system knows best how memory should be divided up at any time, it cannot change the partitioning of memory. 36. Buffer Management (Cont. ) Database buffers are generally implemented in virtual memory in spite of some drawbacks: * When operating system needs to evict a page that has been modified, to make space for another page, the page is written to swap space on disk. * When database decides to write buffer page to disk, buffer page may be in swap space, and may have to be read from swap space on disk and output to the database on disk, resulting in extra I/O! * Known as dual paging problem. * Ideally when swapping out a database buffer page, operating system should pass control to database, which in turn outputs page to database instead of to swap space (making sure to output log records first) * Dual paging can thus be avoided, but common operating systems do not support such functionality. 37. Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage So far we assumed no loss of non-volatile storage * Technique similar to checkpointing used to deal with loss of non-volatile storage * Periodically dump the entire content of the database to stable storage * No transaction may be active during the dump p rocedure; a procedure similar to checkpointing must take place * Output all log records currently residing in main memory onto stable storage. * Output all buffer blocks onto the disk. * Copy the contents of the database to stable storage. * Output a record ; dump ; to log on stable storage. * To recover from disk failure * restore database from most recent dump. Consult the log and redo all transactions that committed after the dump * Can be extended to allow transactions to be active during dump; known as fuzzy dump or online dump * Will study fuzzy checkpointing later 38. Advanced Recovery Algorithm 39. Advanced Recovery Techniques * Support high-concurrency locking techniques, such as those used for B + -tree concurrency control * Operations like B + -tree insertions and deletions release locks early. * They cannot be undone by restoring old values ( physical undo ), since once a lock is released, other transactions may have updated the B + -tree. * Instead, insertions (resp. el etions) are undone by executing a deletion (resp. insertion) operation (known as logical undo ). * For such operations, undo log records should contain the undo operation to be executed * called logical undo logging , in contrast to physical undo logging . * Redo information is logged physically (that is, new value for each write) even for such operations * Logical redo is very complicated since database state on disk may not be â€Å"operation consistent† 40. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Operation logging is done as follows: * When operation starts, log ; T i , O j , operation-begin ;. Here O j is a unique identifier of the operation instance. While operation is executing, normal log records with physical redo and physical undo information are logged. * When operation completes, ; T i , O j , operation-end , U; is logged, where U contains information needed to perform a logical undo information. * If crash/rollback occurs before operation completes: * the operatio n-end log record is not found, and * the physical undo information is used to undo operation. * If crash/rollback occurs after the operation completes: * the operation-end log record is found, and in this case * logical undo is performed using U ; the physical undo information for the operation is ignored. Redo of operation (after crash) still uses physical redo information . 41. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Rollback of transaction T i is done as follows: * Scan the log backwards * If a log record ; T i , X, V 1 , V 2 ; is found, perform the undo and log a special redo-only log record ; T i , X, V 1 ;. * If a ; T i , O j , operation-end , U ; record is found * Rollback the operation logically using the undo information U . * Updates performed during roll back are logged just like during normal operation execution. * At the end of the operation rollback, instead of logging an operation-end record, generate a record * ; T i , O j , operation-abort ;. Skip all preceding log records for T i until the record ; T i , O j operation-begin ; is found 42. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Scan the log backwards (cont. ): * If a redo-only record is found ignore it * If a ; T i , O j , operation-abort ; record is found: * skip all preceding log records for T i until the record ; T i , O j , operation-begi n; is found. * Stop the scan when the record ; T i , start; is found * Add a ; T i , abort ; record to the log * Some points to note: * Cases 3 and 4 above can occur only if the database crashes while a transaction is being rolled back. Skipping of log records as in case 4 is important to prevent multiple rollback of the same operation. 43. Advanced Recovery Techniques(Cont,) * The following actions are taken when recovering from system crash * Scan log forward from last ; checkpoint L ; record * Repeat history by physically redoing all updates of all transactions, * Create an undo-list during the scan as follows * undo-list is set to L initially * Whene ver ; T i start ; is found T i is added to undo-list * Whenever ; T i commit ; or ; T i abort ; is found, T i is deleted from undo-list * This brings database to state as of crash, with committed as well as uncommitted transactions having been redone. Now undo-list contains transactions that are incomplete , that is, have neither committed nor been fully rolled back. 44. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Recovery from system crash (cont. ) * Scan log backwards, performing undo on log records of transactions found in undo-list . * Transactions are rolled back as described earlier. * When ; T i start ; is found for a transaction T i in undo-list , write a ; T i abort ; log record. * Stop scan when ; T i start ; records have been found for all T i in undo-list * This undoes the effects of incomplete transactions (those with neither commit nor abort log records). Recovery is now complete. 45. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Checkpointing is done as follows: Output all log records in memory to stable storage * Output to disk all modified buffer blocks * Output to log on stable storage a ; checkpoint L ; record. * Transactions are not allowed to perform any actions while checkpointing is in progress. * Fuzzy checkpointing allows transactions to progress while the most time consuming parts of checkpointing are in progress * Performed as described on next slide 46. Advanced Recovery Techniques (Cont. ) * Fuzzy checkpointing is done as follows: * Temporarily stop all updates by transactions * Write a ; checkpoint L ; log record and force log to stable storage * Note list M of modified buffer blocks Now permit transactions to proceed with their actions * Output to disk all modified buffer blocks in list M * blocks should not be updated while being output * Follow WAL: all log records pertaining to a block must be output before the block is output * Store a pointer to the checkpoint record in a fixed position last _ checkpoint on disk * When recovering usin g a fuzzy checkpoint, start scan from the checkpoint record pointed to by last _ checkpoint * Log records before last _ checkpoint have their updates reflected in database on disk, and need not be redone. * Incomplete checkpoints, where system had crashed while performing checkpoint, are handled safely 47. ARIES Recovery Algorithm 48. ARIES * ARIES is a state of the art recovery method * Incorporates numerous optimizations to reduce overheads during normal processing and to speed up recovery * The â€Å"advanced recovery algorithm† we studied earlier is modeled after ARIES, but greatly simplified by removing optimizations * Unlike the advanced recovery lgorithm, ARIES * Uses log sequence number (LSN) to identify log records * Stores LSNs in pages to identify what updates have already been applied to a database page * Physiological redo * Dirty page table to avoid unnecessary redos during recovery * Fuzzy checkpointing that only records information about dirty pages, and does not require dirty pages to be written out at checkpoint time * More coming up on each of the above †¦ 49. ARIES Optimizations * Physiological redo * Affected page is physically identified, action within page can be logical * Used to reduce logging overheads * e. g. hen a record is deleted and all other records have to be moved to fill hole * Physiological redo can log just the record deletion * Physical redo would require logging of old and new values for much of the page * Requires page to be output to disk atomically * Easy to achieve with hardware RAID, also supported by some disk systems * Incomplete page output can be detected by checksum techniques, * But extra actions are required for recovery * Treated as a media failure 50. ARIES Data Structures * Log sequence number (LSN) identifies each log record * Must be sequentially increasing * Typically an offset from beginning of log file to allow fast access * Easily extended to handle multiple log files Each page contains a PageLSN which is the LSN of the last log record whose effects are reflected on the page * To update a page: * X-latch the pag, and write the log record * Update the page * Record the LSN of the log record in PageLSN * Unlock page * Page flush to disk S-latches page * Thus page state on disk is operation consistent * Required to support physiological redo * PageLSN is used during recovery to prevent repeated redo * Thus ensuring idempotence 51. ARIES Data Structures (Cont. ) * Each log record contains LSN of previous log record of the same transaction * LSN in log record may be implicit Special redo-only log record called compensation log record (CLR) used to log actions taken during recovery that never need to be undone * Also serve the role of operation-abort log records used in advanced recovery algorithm * Have a field UndoNextLSN to note next (earlier) record to be undone * Records in between would have already been undone * Required to avoid repeated undo of already undone acti ons LSN TransId PrevLSN RedoInfo UndoInfo LSN TransID UndoNextLSN RedoInfo 52. ARIES Data Structures (Cont. ) * DirtyPageTable * List of pages in the buffer that have been updated * Contains, for each such page * PageLSN of the page RecLSN is an LSN such that log records before this LSN have already been applied to the page version on disk * Set to current end of log when a page is inserted into dirty page table (just before being updated) * Recorded in checkpoints, helps to minimize redo work * Checkpoint log record * Contains: * DirtyPageTable and list of active transactions * For each active transaction, LastLSN, the LSN of the last log record written by the transaction * Fixed position on disk notes LSN of last completed checkpoint log record 53. ARIES Recovery Algorithm * ARIES recovery involves three passes * Analysis pass : Determines Which transactions to undo * Which pages were dirty (disk version not up to date) at time of crash * RedoLSN : LSN from which redo should start * Redo pass : * Repeats history, redoing all actions from RedoLSN * RecLSN and PageLSNs are used to avoid redoing actions already reflected on page * Undo pass : * Rolls back all incomplete transactions * Transactions whose abort was complete earlier are not undone * Key idea: no need to undo these transactions: earlier undo actions were logged, and are redone as required 54. ARIES Recovery: Analysis * Analysis pass * Starts from last complete checkpoint log record Reads in DirtyPageTable from log record * Sets RedoLSN = min of RecLSNs of all pages in DirtyPageTable * In case no pages are dirty, RedoLSN = checkpoint record’s LSN * Sets undo-list = list of transactions in checkpoint log record * Reads LSN of last log record for each transaction in undo-list from checkpoint log record * Scans forward from checkpoint * .. On next page †¦ 55. ARIES Recovery: Analysis (Cont. ) * Analysis pass (cont. ) * Scans forward from checkpoint * If any log record found for transaction not in undo-list, adds transaction to undo-list * Whenever an update log record is found If page is not in DirtyPageTable, it is added with RecLSN set to LSN of the update log record * If transaction end log record found, delete transaction from undo-list * Keeps track of last log record for each transaction in undo-list * May be needed for later undo * At end of analysis pass: * RedoLSN determines where to start redo pass * RecLSN for each page in DirtyPageTable used to minimize redo work * All transactions in undo-list need to be rolled back 56. ARIES Redo Pass * Redo Pass: Repeats history by replaying every action not already reflected in the page on disk, as follows: * Scans forward from RedoLSN. Whenever an update log record is found: * If the page is not in DirtyPageTable or the LSN of the log record is less than the RecLSN of the page in DirtyPageTable, then skip the log record * Otherwise fetch the page from disk.If the PageLSN of the page fetched from disk is less than the LSN of the log record, redo the log record * NOTE: if either test is negative the effects of the log record have already appeared on the page. First test avoids even fetching the page from disk! 57. ARIES Undo Actions * When an undo is performed for an update log record * Generate a CLR containing the undo action performed (actions performed during undo are logged physicaly or physiologically). * CLR for record n noted as n ’ in figure below * Set UndoNextLSN of the CLR to the PrevLSN value of the update log record * Arrows indicate UndoNextLSN value * ARIES supports partial rollback * Used e. g. o handle deadlocks by rolling back just enough to release reqd. locks * Figure indicates forward actions after partial rollbacks * records 3 and 4 initially, later 5 and 6, then full rollback 1 2 3 4 4†² 3†² 5 6 5†² 2†² 1†² 6†² 58. ARIES: Undo Pass * Undo pass * Performs backward scan on log undoing all transaction in undo-list * Backward scan optimized by skipping unneeded log records as follows: * Next LSN to be undone for each transaction set to LSN of last log record for transaction found by analysis pass. * At each step pick largest of these LSNs to undo, skip back to it and undo it * After undoing a log record For ordinary log records, set next LSN to be undone for transaction to PrevLSN noted in the log record * For compensation log records (CLRs) set next LSN to be undo to UndoNextLSN noted in the log record * All intervening records are skipped since they would have been undo already * Undos performed as described earlier 59. Other ARIES Features * Recovery Independence * Pages can be recovered independently of others * E. g. if some disk pages fail they can be recovered from a backup while other pages are being used * Savepoints: * Transactions can record savepoints and roll back to a savepoint * Useful for complex transactions Also used to rollback just enough to release locks on deadlock 60. Other ARIES Features (Cont. ) * Fine-grained locking: * Index concurrency algorithms that permit tuple level locking on indices can be used * These require logical undo, rather than physical undo, as in advanced recovery algorithm * Recovery optimizations: For example: * Dirty page table can be used to prefetch pages during redo * Out of order redo is possible: * redo can be postponed on a page being fetched from disk, and performed when page is fetched. * Meanwhile other log records can continue to be processed 61. Remote Backup Systems 62. Remote Backup Systems Remote backup systems provide high availability by allowing transaction processing to continue even if the primary site is destroyed. 63. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Detection of failure : Backup site must detect when primary site has failed * to distinguish primary site failure from link failure maintain several communication links between the primary and the remote backup. * Transfer of control : * To take over control backup site first perform recovery using its copy of the database and all the long records it has received from the primary. * Thus, completed transactions are redone and incomplete transactions are rolled back. When the backup site takes over processing it becomes the new primary * To transfer control back to old primary when it recovers, old primary must receive redo logs from the old backup and apply all updates locally. 64. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Time to recover : To reduce delay in takeover, backup site periodically proceses the redo log records (in effect, performing recovery from previous database state), performs a checkpoint, and can then delete earlier parts of the log. * Hot-Spare configuration permits very fast takeover: * Backup continually processes redo log record as they arrive, applying the updates locally. When failure of the primary is detected the backup rolls back incomplete transactions, and is ready to process new transactions. * Alternative to remote backup: distributed dat abase with replicated data * Remote backup is faster and cheaper, but less tolerant to failure * more on this in Chapter 19 65. Remote Backup Systems (Cont. ) * Ensure durability of updates by delaying transaction commit until update is logged at backup; avoid this delay by permitting lower degrees of durability. * One-safe: commit as soon as transaction’s commit log record is written at primary * Problem: updates may not arrive at backup before it takes over. Two-very-safe: commit when transaction’s commit log record is written at primary and backup * Reduces availability since transactions cannot commit if either site fails. * Two-safe: proceed as in two-very-safe if both primary and backup are active. If only the primary is active, the transaction commits as soon as is commit log record is written at the primary. * Better availability than two-very-safe; avoids problem of lost transactions in one-safe. 66. End of Chapter 67. Block Storage Operations 68. Portion of t he Database Log Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 69. State of the Log and Database Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 70. Portion of the System Log Corresponding to T 0 and T 1 71. State of System Log and Database Corresponding to T 0 and T 1

Principles of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

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Social Institution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Institution - Research Paper Example No matter how extensive the family membership is, the mutual bonds under a common authority exist among the members of a family. The evolving traits of the family’s structure are best explicated by sociological theories such as functionalist, conflict, and interactionism. Functionalists view that every society has interrelated social institutions, including the family, the educational institutions, the religious sects, the government and political system, and the mass media (Giddens & Griffiths, 2006). Each social institution contributes toward the advancement of the society. Since every society operates based on the consensus of its members, it serves the best interest of the general populace. In particular, functionalists emphasized the value of social structures than that of the individuals. Functionalism is a â€Å"top-down,† structuralist theory, which gives more importance on the societal structure and stratification, rather than on the individuals (Giddens & Griffiths, 2006). Functionalism views individuals as the product of social influences as they continuously expose themselves to other structures or members of the society, including family members, peers, relatives, and media. Family as a social institution, in the eyes of the funct ionalists, is beneficial to individuals because they usually experience physical care and emotional support from it. In 1965, Talcott Parsons tackled the origin of â€Å"family† and the roots of nuclear family (Giddens & Griffiths, 2006). He suggested that prior to industrial revolution societies were founded on an extensive network of kinship. This network bridges the relationship of the family members to the members of the nuclear family. In such family networks, the role of each member is mainly defined not by any skills or educational background, but through ascription. G.P. Murdock argued that the nuclear family has universally existed because it supported the economic,

Things we dont like Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Things we dont like - Research Paper Example The main issues that is of significant concern is the country’s economy. Over the past years, the government has been issuing economic report based on statistical elements that describe different economic trends such as economic growth, rate of unemployment, GDP growth, and interest rates. Although the government considers such statistic as the only tools of relaying economics information, such information is unconvincing and inconclusive. This is because economic reports are based on statistics that can only be understood by people who have economic knowledge (Shaw 643). On the other hand, the government does not indicate the validity or the credibility of such information. It is evident that majority of the people lack economic understanding and, therefore such information does not make sense at all. In addition, the government fails to give information on how such economic indicators relate to the real world. Such economic indicators fail to connect the actual situation wit h the theoretical aspect or to explain how things happen in the real world (Shaw 632). I consider it hypocritical to have statistics stating that the country is experiencing an economic growth while the cost of living is increasing constantly. Authorities are prone to giving inconclusive information on issues that affects the public. Government reports are filled with generalizations that do not replicate to the actual situation in the ground. I am concerned about when the authorities will learn to give out credible information that captures and explain the real situation and real happenings. For instance, the weather department is charged with the responsibility of directing the public on matters related to weather patterns and changes. However, the department never issues any concrete information on the area of their responsibility. The public needs to have precise information about the weather. However, the responsible department

Paediatric Burns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paediatric Burns - Essay Example In present times, even 90% burns patients are being saved while 25 years ago, even 50% burns was considered fatal. Research has evolved the best treatment approaches for burns including resuscitation with fluids, cleaning the wounds, replacement of damaged tissue with skin, control of infection and dietary supports. Incidence Among the leading causes, burns in children (below 9 years are identified as the third one among injury-related deaths (Green, 2010). Burns in children are usually caused at home (Anjali et al, 2009). Scald burns have the commonest incidence in children, 80%. They occur mostly over the upper trunk and upper arms (Anjali et al, 2009). Hot bath water caused 50 % of the scalds. In most cases, the burns could have been prevented. A lapse in parental supervision and curiosity of a child are the two reasons quoted for the tragic incidents. Occasionally the child may not be able to get away from the burning substance Child abuse is another sad cause (Green, 2010). Chil dren who are burnt have a tendency to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (Anjali et al, 2009). ... The coagulation zone lies in the center of the burn and has necrotic tissue. The ischemic zone indicates microvascular injury causing oxygen-deprived tissues and surrounds the coagulation zone. The outermost hyperemic zone shows vasodilatation as an acute inflammatory response to the injury near it (Green, 2010). Primary Survey The first few steps of nursing care help to stabilize the patient for further treatment. Assessment of the airway is especially important in children and the cervical spine is to be protected while doing so. If the child is not responding or if one feels that the airway is compromised, an endotracheal tube is better used as the airway is much smaller in children (Green, 2010). Evaluation of the respiratory status is the next step. The child’s chest must be exposed and the rate, extent, and quality of the respiratory movements assessed. The movements of the chest wall must be watched. The breath sounds must be auscultated bilaterally (Green, 2010). Child ren with burns on the chest will definitely have a compromised respiration. Oxygen must be given through a non-breathing mask to ensure 100% saturation (Green, 2010). A pulse oximeter would indicate the percentage of oxygen saturation. Inhalation is diagnosed by the singed hair on the eyebrows or nose. The pulse quality, rate and rhythm need to be assessed for a picture of the circulation status. When the patient is stable, the neurologic status may be assessed. Level of consciousness may be examined using the AVPU protocol by noting the response to verbal stimuli or pain. If neurologic status is compromised, hypoxaemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, smoke inhalation, drug abuse or an earlier medical problem must be suspected (Green 2010). The clothes of

Internet-Based Company and IT Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internet-Based Company and IT Systems - Essay Example For instance, Google recently introduced "Google My Business," a platform that gives companies the opportunity to interact with customers. The company uses this application to interact with customers. The "Google My Business" integrates a variety of tools, such as Google Maps, Search, Hangouts, Insights and Google +. These tools allow business to manage their online presence at once (Nassivera, 2014). Through My Business, companies can manage information and respond faster to customer reviews. Additionally, the service enables businesses to have easy access to data about customers and their engagements. This implies that businesses using the IT tool are able to engage easily with their customers and respond faster to their queries, thereby helping build better customer relations. My Business tool also enables companies to add photos and videos about their businesses and respond to customer reviews with a lot of ease. Moreover, companies using the My Business are able to connect to customers through Google Hangout and Google+, thereby helping companies interact better with their customers (Nassivera, 2014). In the end, the companies are able to maintain close contact with customers thereby helping build a better customer relation and loyalty. Nassivera, J. (2014, June 12). Google introduces My Business service to improve company and customer relationship. HNGN, p. 1

System Analysis and Design 251 Assignment Essay - 2

System Analysis and Design 251 Assignment - Essay Example d information processing provides an insufficient decision support for designing new classes and activities which would meet the the club members’ fitness goals and increase the club’s revenue. For instance, there is no easy way for the management to know which class is most popular among the members and which class contributes the most to the overall revenue generated by the club. To summarize, the current manual club management system is unable to provide an insight into the intricate financial queries that can ascertain the financial costs and identify areas of club’s financial growth. Fitness Club needs an automated information system that ensures information is stored and presented in an organized manner. Furthermore it eases the management routine tasks pertaining to the financial aspects of the organization. Since the main users of the management system are the manager and the administrators, they are the main data inputs sources of the system. The Director, Instructor and Members can not alter the state of data managed by the system. They only get their schedule information or financial reports (generated by the system) through the Administrator/Manager. The system has two active users; the Manager and Administrator, who can alter the state of data. A third passive user is the website visitor, who only views the information the site automatically displays from the company’s data store that the system

On Epictetus Discourse About Wealth and Freedom Essay

On Epictetus Discourse About Wealth and Freedom - Essay Example One thinks that wealth brings freedom and so he seeks to own gold, diamonds, lands and slaves through whatever means including what has been mentioned earlier. Another considers a high political status as something that would bring him freedom and in the modern world; education is regarded by most as the means to freedom. To Epictetus, he uses the first argument and links wealth and freedom in a manner that is debatable in an era where wealth is widely sought for, one that contradicts modern lifestyles, disagreeing that wealth brings freedom. Epictetus counts wealth as something that enslaves rather than frees someone because these are not the things that make men free rather are the ones that bound them to slavery. He considers owning nothing as having freedom, a concept that most of the people today might not agree with. One might laugh as well at such a concept, for how could a wealthy man be enslaved when he has the means to own his own slaves and be the master of other people? T he philosopher explains his arguments with examples that strongly support his thoughts, qualifying it as a serious thought one should think about not only by the seekers in his time but also in this period where it is believed to be most needed. Looking into his philosophies, one would have an illumination of his considerations and is guaranteed to be more inclined to agreeing than questioning. First, the philosopher considered fear and said that no one really fears Caesar but that they fear death, exile, deprivation of property, prison and disenfranchisement (Matheson, p. 72). Slavery to fear is not actually caused by men, not even powerful men, but is caused by what a person wants, things that he holds on to. This is the reason why Epictetus argues that having nothing, which includes wanting nothing, will release a person from fears. When an individual has properties, and is so attached to them, he would do everything he can to protect it from those who desire to have it, like rob bers. Wealth brings fear of losing it, fear of calamities, fear of people and things that would destroy and grab it away from him therefore a wealthy man is a slave to his fears, and is punished on his mind as to remedy how he should protect himself and his wealth. Sometimes, wealthy people also fear for their lives, because it is inevitable that when a person is after his wealth, he would plan to do all sorts or ways including unthinkable ones only to protect himself, including killing possible witnesses, killing the wealthy man. This is the reason why most of the rich ensure their security by paying thousands of dollars for security alarms and guards. Still, it does not give a hundred percent guarantee that they would all work for their purpose because as the rich man can be vigilant in his ways, robbers could also be more vigilant in their plans, thus, the fear continues and still is a master of the wealthy man. Money and wealth could be in a person’s possession but he cou ld still be a slave not to men but to an abstract yet gripping master called fear and what could be worse than to serve something that is within one’s self. Epictetus argues that one who is truly free is one who distinguishes what is his and what is not his, that he owns nothing but his will and to recognize that everything he has is God’s, so that if people take it away from him, he should let it be and if they leave him in peace, he should let it be and not worry much about the matter. Furthermore, the philosopher speaks about what people love, which can also serve as another master. People love wealth, the tribunate, the praetorship and the consulship (p. 72) which, in search for it, would cause a person to enslave himself to whatever matters and manners he

Research Topic Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Topic - Research Paper Example The role of custodial parents by the grandparents is a multiethnic issue as the literature review section will indicate. The research in discussion below will also point out the different effects the role of being custodial parents has on different individuals and especially the grandparents and the grandchildren and what efforts if any has the state taken to deal or assist in this matter. Literature Review Overview The US census results of year 2005 were the first to openly show interest in the growing number of grandparents who have become custodians of their grandchildren. According to those results, there was an average of 5.7 million grandparents living with their grandchildren and acting as their parents. In line with multiethnic issues, the results further indicated that of the 5.7 million grandparents, 8% were African Americans, 16% were Hispanics and the rest were Caucasians. In a large state like Colorado which also is a multiethnic state, the results are almost similar wit h those indicated nationally and this statistics have been on the increase (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Theoretical model The best theory to explain the change of grandparents’ role to that of custodians of their grandchildren is the life course theory. ... According to Phua and Kaufman, 2008, it is with this light therefore that the life course of grandparents change and they now adopt the role of parents for their grandchildren. For the Hispanics and African American for example, the immigration, racial stereotypes and other ethnic difficulties of living in a foreign land contributes to the life course changes as it leads to changes in their social, cultural and structural lives which are contributing factors to the reasons why grandparents are left with custodial burden (Phua and Kaufman, 2008). Impacts of custodial grand parenting Numerous literatures have pointed out the impacts associated with this research topic to both the grandparents and the grandchildren. According to the National Institute of Mental Health and Population Reference Bureau, grandchildren who are in custody of their grandparents grow up with more emotional and behavioral problems compared to those raised by the parents (Scommegna, 2012). This is especially diff icult when it comes to adolescent grandchildren. The research also indicates that in homes where there is low income (mostly among African-Americans and Hispanics), the behavioral problems are likely to escalate. The problem however is not so rampant among the whites majorly because most of their custodial care starts when the children are young. Research findings by America Association for Marriage and Family Therapy indicate that grandparents also face their share of different impact. Some of these identified impacts include the legal problem and process of acquiring custody of their grandchildren. This is especially so in case of divorce where the parents are still alive. The other is the financial impact. Most grandparents are retired and therefore have no steady flow of

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Example for Free

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Technology has played an important in part in market and in the society. It has brought positive as well as negative changes. The progression from sheet music to the invention of a phonograph to the walkman, CD player and the iPod has created a modernized society. People tend to move along with these changes creating a market. The idea of transferring digital music to your iPod without purchase of a CD or an audiotape may seem like an extraordinary idea but the idea of digital music has led to the downloading of illegal music. The Walkman may have been the turning point in the music recording industry. It was a chain reaction for later products such as the iPod and the CD player. Long before the iPod made its way into the market making millions; the Walkman was the trendy technology. Sony introduced the Walkman in the 1970s, a new invention that led to be a massive hit. Sony ended up selling around fifty thousand pieces by the end of two months after its release. Eventually, other famous brands such as Toshiba and Panasonic entered the walkman market creating a market in the early 1980s. Surprisingly, the production of the Walkman led to an increase in physical activities. This portable device could be carried anywhere and had a hook to attach to any item of clothing. People started exercising more as one can listen to his or her choice of music while working out especially in gymnasiums. This brought a change in the society as people began to implement physical training more often. This also had a disadvantage since people who had their headphones plugged in tend to be more indifferent to their surroundings. This created an environment, where everyone is tuned in into their little environment being oblivious to what is happening around them. With the creation of walkman, the sale of digital audio tapes also increased. As iPods are the 21st century popular forms of music player technology, the walkman was the latest thing. This generation became more ‘wired’ as teenagers started to grow apart from the notion of young people together singing the songs of the day or the old songs in front of their houses. Sheet music became obsolete, as fewer and fewer people moved to a more modernized technology and era. Comparing to the advances in the 21st century, the walkman is seen as an old portable audio cassette player, where rewinding and forwarding a song would take twenty or thirty seconds. The latest music technology, mp3s or iPod, have put people at an ease with sophisticated technology and its touch screen display has bought a change in this profit-making business. The slick structure and the advanced A Walkman today would cost you merely twenty dollar where as an iPod can cost anywhere from a hundred to a couple hundred dollars. How digital music is illegally downloaded and used today on music players, Walkman on the other hand required the purchase of audiotapes. As Paul Du Gay notes in his book ‘Doing cultural studies: the story of the Sony Walkman’, the walkman accustomed individuals to tune out from the surroundings and caused them to be reclusive. This also led to a cause of a gneration gap between teenagers and their parents or older siblings. The walkman was used by people when in crowded places, such as trains or buses as a means to drown away noises. This seemed as an effective way to creating your own space but this eventually leads to people tuning themselves out even when at home. Teenagers liked to keep their headphones on throughout the day; I believe this led to a distance between them and their peers. Eventually, a type of distance grew among people, sheet music was nearly extinct and the customary ritual of singing together was far disappeared. In conclusion, the Walkman has definitely been a jump from the traditional tape recorder players to portable audio players. Its creation has had its advantages and disadvantages. The increase in the level of physical activity has increased among the owners of Walkman due to the fact that it is portable. Although, on a downside the Walkman has also led to the creation of a secluded attitude.

Capacity Planning And Timing Strategy Business Essay

Capacity Planning And Timing Strategy Business Essay This report discusses a case study on capacity planning and facility location at Georgia Pacific a company that has undergone growth. The case study illustrate the importance of growth and its linkage to the environment. The report first start with defining the capacity planning and control then looks at capacity-timing strategy Georgia Pacific uses and the factors that influence this strategy. Then looks at major factors that it used to make its capacity expansion decision and what other factors might the company have considered. The report then further explain the technique Georgia Pacific used to make its facility location decision and what other facility factors might the company have considered. Also the report looks at how environmental considerations affect capacity planning and facility location at Georgia Pacific and lastly in my own opinion explain if Georgia pacific has made the correct capacity planning and facility location. Finally the report concludes with Georgia paci fic production style, the manner in which the company operates as a team, its environmental consideration and decision making process. Definition on capacity planning In operations management, capacity is referred as an amount of the input resources available to produce relative output over period of time.(citation) Strategic capacity planning is important in an organisation mainly because its facilitate the organisation to meet its future requirements. Planning guarantee that operation cost are kept at a minimum level without affecting the quality, it also guarantee that organisation remain viable to attain its long-term plan for expansion Capacity planning and timing strategy Long range capacity planning and control primarily depends on a range of factors and some of the factors Georgia-Pacific used base on the on changes in capacity are Market conditions: The timing of the market and making a decision base on the market gives the organisation a competitive edge as well as an increase in market share. Georgia-Pacific have used these strategy to increased its production capacity base on the changes in the market, as the market grew production was increased so as to meet the demand. Technology: The change in the technology means organisation, required fewer resource to operate its production and therefore this means that with the advance technology Georgia-Pacific can increase its production ability with only slight equipment changes. Equipment: So to achieve a large increases in production capacity, Georgia-Pacific use improving the already existing equipment, or set up new equipment, The major factors that influence the buying of sawmill is because of the strategic location of the sawmill and since the capacity of the sawmill was restricted in 1970 when it was first built buying it 1987 and expanding the operation such as adding drying kilns, a planner mill for finishing on site and a warehouse for storing the finish lumber to improved production capacity and the fact that the plant has the basic equipment and the has company owned forests in the area were more economically viable. Factors deciding the expansion The timing in making a decision to expand a business is vital, as you need to carefully study the fiscal benefits of such expansion such as assessing having the cash for the investment to cater for the additional inventory, new facilities or equipment. At Georgia-Pacific the various factors considered in deciding whether to buy and expand the sawmill in Florida for example are Market conditions: Florida has an excellent market condition such as the speedy growth of population and the boom in home construction because of these strategic position of the location of Florida gave Georgia-Pacific an edge over their competitors Raw materials à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Georgia also considered this site because it own forest in the area that also had other position of privately owned timber. Environment- That the other major factors to consider was legislation and government policies regarding the environment Georgia Pacific considered this factor and assessed the environmental regulation of Florida and find out that Florida has more strict environmental regulations that make it hard to build a new plant than to acquire an existing plant. Economics- This is a major factor to considers when planning for capacity expansion as this affect the economic viability of the organization. Georgia pacific has considered this factor by analysing the return on investment when acquiring facilities and found out that acquiring and expanding was much easier and economically viable that building new facilities. Labor à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ The availability of labor both skill and unskilled is very important when considering making a decision for capacity expansion. As for Georgia pacific the nearby facility mean that the sawmill could draw some trained personnel. Equipment à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ As for a long term capacity expansion the availability of equipment to carry the operation is a major factor to consider. For Georgia pacific the already existing sawmill had the vital required equipment and facilities such a functioning road system, a nearby rail road spur, and electricity facilities. Overall at Georgia pacific acquisition of the sawmill offered exceptional potential for capacity expansion and the sawmill was expanded in 1998 hence greatly contributed to the success of the Georgia pacific. What other factors might the company have considered Other factors include Facilities location decision The decision on where to locate facilities is the most important factors in capacity planning and its where the success of the company depends. Facility location involves organisation seeking to locate, relocate or expand their operation, the decision process encompasses the identification, analysis and evaluation of a selection among alternative, Since at Georgia Pacific facility location mostly involves long term commitment of resources the decision on where to locate facilities are mainly affected by several factors such as financial, capacity and technology as well as political, economic and social.. However in the case study at Georgia pacific corp. the main focus of consideration are raw material, market condition labor force, government regulation and policies and finally energy utilities Market condition- Georgia pacific asses the market condition by serving so as know the demand and place the product close to the location. Raw materials- Georgia pacific review the availability of raw so to have adequate supply of locally available raw materials at a low price Government regulation- Georgia pacific choose where the state and local government welcome companies by looking at factors where they have relax tax and environmental policies as well as attitude of the local towards industry such as florida Labor- Georgia pacific have assessed the availability of local work force that can be easily train Utilities- Georgia pacific have considered the availabilities of all utilities necessary such as such as water, electricity and natural gas. Other factors that Georgia pacific could have also consider could be the availability of less expensive land with a bigger space as well as land with quality and efficiency facilities such as such as roads, bridges, water and sewer systems, airport and cargo facilities, energy systems, and telecommunications. Also there other crucial factor that George pacific could consider could be the cost of transportation in terms moving the product as well as the supply cost. For example proximity to supplier can be excellent for JIT production as it improves performance of deliveries and reduces inventory as well as reducing cost. Environmental consideration In general environmental consideration is part of capacity planning and facility location. It was paramount that Georgia Pacific makes itself environmental friendly. Since Georgia pacific depends on timber as a natural resource, they need to assess location where environmental policies are either relax or less strict. For example Georgia Pacific had to buy the sawmill in Florida with strict environmental rules that makes it more difficult to build a new facility. In order to reduce pollution caused by transportation Georgia pacific corp. have considered locating the material close to the site by expanding operation such as adding drying kilns, a planner mill for finishing and a warehouse for storing the finish lumber on site. also choosing municipal sewage disposal system on site at skippers site ,also the skipper was near an excellent timber base and a nearby resin plant that uses the residuals Opinion on Georgia Pacific It is believe that Georgia Pacific has made the correct capacity planning and facility location since all consideration were carefully analyses and decision made base on the out came. The main emphasis was the market condition and the raw materials. The market condition was important because it focuses on the product demand, equally the availability and the location of raw materials so as to reduce the cost of transportation as well and meet the demand of the government or state environmental policy on industries all the factor discuss above were carefully consider by Georgia pacific corp. hence execute a well plan capacity planning and facility location. Conclusion In the case study it looks like at Georgia Pacific the emphasis is on growth, and so capacity increase and acquisition is a way of life. It assesses possible increase of capacity by working as a team to solicit suggestion and obtaining information and use a check list for major factors such as deciding on market demand, technology equipment and labor. Also since the company depends on timber as a natural resource environmental consideration is equally important. All of the above factors are very important part and parceled in decision making on capacity planning and facility location. The factors listed on this report are very crucial when making capacity decisions. Capacity planning is a very important aspect in manufacturing companies, as it to do with meeting the customers demand. They also have a long term impact. Capacity also determines the selection of appropriate technology, type of labour and equipments. The right capacity ensures economically viable business

Analysis Of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

Analysis Of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Possibly one of the very best works of literature of all time is the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. It is a worldwide known book, and there have been countless film adaptations, sequels, and retellings of it. As one reads this novel he or she will more than likely be able to relate to the story or the characters in some way or another. It makes a great analysis project also. Things that readers are likely to find when researching this book are the interesting way Shelley came up with the idea of the book, the differences in film adaptations and the actual novel, the view of both science fiction and horror in the book, the relationship between creature and creator, the different interpretive levels the story has to offer, and the way Shelley related a lot of the topics of the story to the political community. A very interesting topic to research when it comes to this novel is how it actually came into existence. The tale began to form in the year 1816 as a result of a ghost-story-telling session between Mary Shelly, her husband, and a couple friends when the Shelleys were in Switzerland. They decided to have a contest to see who could write the scariest story in one weekend. It took her a few days to get inspiration, but she eventually got her waking dream. She said that what terrified her would terrify others, and she needed only to describe the specter which had haunted her midnight pillow. The story and its monster-hero eventually became such a well known and popular subject for film and stage that many acquaint themselves with the creature before even reading the book itself. Most first-time readers shockingly discover that the monster remains unnamed throughout the whole book, and the creators name is actually Frankenstein. The novel can be difficult for modern readers to understand, with an older form of language and a plot that has less action or suspense than expected. Usually readers discover a much more intimate view into the lives of Victor and his creation than they would with the movies. Frankenstein is a novel thought of as both horror and science fiction. Although the reader is more than likely horrified and disturbed by the events that happen, Victor Frankensteins creature is not born by magic or the supernatural but by scientific principles. It is true that it is terrifying to think the morbid events in this story, but they are done in the name of science. For example, Victor gathers the dead body parts, but he is doing it to have supplies for his experiments. The very core of this story is the intensely bitter relationship between Victor Frankenstein and his creation. Victor creates the creature but is afraid of it after doing so. He completely rejects it and doesnt even give it a chance to show if its good or evil. Victor just automatically assumes that its an evil monster. At one point in the story the creature tells Victor to remember that he is Victors creature and that he ought to be his Adam, but instead Victor treats him like the fallen angel. This shows that the creature feels hurt by the way his creator is acting, and therefore may not be a monster. Perhaps Victor Frankenstein is the actual monster here. When one is reading Frankenstein the novel intends the reader to see Victor Frankenstein as stealing creative fire from heaven in order to make a creature, who most people call a monster. One of the only reasons this creature is even referred to as a monster is because of what Hollywood has done to the story. In spite of the creatures crimes, he is as much angel as he his monster. The traditional movies dont show the true side of the creature or the creator. There is a significant difference in Hollywoods depiction of this relationship between creator and creation and the original story. One way to measure the distance in Mary Shelleys daemon and Hollywoods monster is to try to imagine the film monsters being self-educated by reading Miltons Paradise Lost. The original creature does exactly that, and actually receives a great education. Unlike Victor, who has lack of imagination, the creature has great sensibility. As a matter of fact, critics normally agree that Victor and his creation are two halves of the same being, somehow divided against itself. This is how most critics believe the confusion came about in Hollywood giving the creature the name Frankenstein. Readers realize that, in the actual novel, the creatures sympathy far surpasses Victors. Frankenstein exerts a very strong hold on the readers imagination because it works on so many different interpretive levels. Beyond its appeal as a gripping tale of morbid horror, it is also a myth of technological arrogance showing what happens when man attempts to rival the laws of God and mother nature. Victors is the tale of an out of control ego whose drive for power is self-destructive in the end. From another point of view, it is the exploration and creation itself, both creative act and psychical birth, posing questions of responsibility and consequence. At a psychological level Frankenstein and the creature may possibly represent two combined aspects of a broken psychic whole, with the creature enacting murderous desires that Victor simply ignores. The novel also treats societys sin in blocking out disturbing aspects of human nature that challenge us to second guess what we conceive as monstrous. Is it that it resides with the creature, or does it reside with the denial of l ove that he wants? The story of the way Victor treats his creation remains part of a tale that has just as strong a message against humans acting outside rational thinking now as it did two hundred years ago when Mary Shelley wrote the novel. It can be directly compared to an irresponsible father refusing to take responsibility for their children. As strange or comical as it may seem, this process can actually be compared to how some of fathers are when it comes to sexual intercourse. He was engulfed in the idea of creating this creature. He was overwhelmed with the process leading up to giving it life, but when the creature came alive Victor realized what he had done and refused to have anything to do with it. This leads to a very popular question about the book. Is the creature the monster for killing and causing so much trouble over wanting to be loved, or is Victor Frankenstein the monster for not loving and taking responsibility for what he has done? Now, if one does a close analysis of this novel there is actually a lot to that the reader can see. In Victors attempt to create life in his laboratory, he makes a somewhat frightening being. At the same time the being has great sensitivity and intellect. After Victor does this deed, he considers his actions to be a crime against mankind. He thinks that he has crossed the boundaries of forbidden intelligence, and he realizes that he failed to take responsibility for what he has unleashed upon the world. In consequence, Victor Frankenstein places himself, and his creation, beyond all possibility of forgiveness and redemption. Its true that the reader can tell the Victor Frankenstein apart from his creature, but can be difficult to tell what to make of them. Victor Frankenstein is a young man who comes from a nurturing family, and the creature is something completely different than human. Sure hes made from human, but they were dead human parts. Hes simply made up of dead body parts that were brought to life by an electric current and the brilliance of a very curious student. The question remains as to the true essence and nature of Victor Frankenstein and his creation. It is hard to speak of them separately. The creature is Victors daemon and is type of manifestation of his subconscious personality. Victor probably never imagined how the birth of his creature would turn out or what consequences would result from it. There are actually ways that Victor Frankenstein and his creation can be compared to a plant, however this will require some explanation. There are basic properties that plants must have. The plant is an organism, starting as a seed, with the entire thing being greater than the sum of all of its parts. In its natural state, it grows and manifests. It evolves spontaneously from some type of internal source of energy. Its structure is organic whereas a machine is just a combination of things whose parts can be substituted. From a physical point of view, Victor Frankenstein is clearly a human being. The son of Alphonse and Caroline Frankenstein. While growing up, he is intelligent, sensitive, and a very responsible person who starts his education at the University of Ingolstadt. He has a huge enthusiastic love for the natural sciences. However, its this enthusiasm that eventually brings him to his own downfall as he becomes seduced by his own personal abilities to surpass the rest of the scientists that came before him. This all begins at the very moment he gives life to the creature he has assembled together. Starting from his creatures creation onward, Victor Frankensteins mental and physical well-being are terribly interrupted and continuously become increasingly unstable as he is aggravated and just sickened by the deed he has done. The most important thing, though, is Victors belief and overwhelming fear that he must not ever tell what he has done. So, he vows to never tell another soul of his doin gs, and can never again act ethically. Victor Frankenstein forfeits his integrity as a result of his experiment and the transgressions that it implies. Victor becomes more and more speechless and it gets harder for him to even communicate with others. As a very extreme result of his lack of integrity he is unable to testify during Justines trial, and he becomes responsible for her undeserved execution. In the creatures case, he is a manufactured being who was put together from body parts that Victor Frankenstein went around collecting from grave sites and crypts. The creature is made up of dead matter that is missing an organizational plan, and Victor has no idea of how or whether the disparate parts will even work. Victor Frankenstein just learns as he gets further into the construction of his being and makes adjustments as needed. The creature is being condemned to loneliness and he is rejected by all who look at him, but he is very sentient. The creature develops amazing language skills and eventually convinces Victor Frankenstein that he is obligated to at least create him a female companion. The creature agrees with Victor that he will go out into the wilderness away from all civilization forever with his wife, as long as Victor will create her for him. Its almost like the creature has stolen Victor Frankensteins powers of articulation and surpassed him as well. We really dont have any evidence of Victors previous rhetorical skills. The monster plays with the readers sympathies and, although one probably wouldnt uphold him for the crimes of murder and all of the chaos that he has caused, the novel allows you to understand the motives that drives him to do those horrendous acts. In the moments when the creature acts out of love and desire to be a part of the human civilization, the creature acts with integri ty. So basically, the monsters possession of human characteristics appears to be because of Victor Frankensteins dehumanization, blurring the distinctions between the human and mechanical being. Mary Shelley could have very well titled her work à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One Catastrophe after Another.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Victor Frankenstein is in love with his own disastrous history and thinks about his creation all the time. The night of the creation is actually the fateful event to which all the other catastrophe in the story follows. So much hardship follows people in this tale, but Victor Frankenstein is the chief victim. Not only does he have to live with the fact that he created what he thinks is a hideous monster, but he also has to live with the fact of knowing that he is responsible for all of the grief that has fallen on the world from his creation. Upon reading and examination, one can see that this novel is deeply interested in a certain kind of social union; the political community. The book was written in 1818 which was the time period between revolution and reform. Mary Shelleys novel raises discussions and theorizations of the political community. In her novel Shelley engages with certain political debates by depicting characters who endeavor to attach themselves to others, like the creature. On Montanvert, Victor Frankenstein declares that there can be no community among enemies. This voices Shelleys belief that hostility and alienation are unavoidable characteristics of the human condition. It also draws some attention with the books preoccupation with building new communities. All of the characters in Shelleys novel long for companionship, whether it be longing for a father, longing to be married, etc.. So one of the principal tasks the story sets for the characters is the building of social community. In contemplating new communities on new terms, Mary Shelley uses her creature to interrogate the basis and boundaries of certain social groups. The creature, in a sense, represents a version of a man, put together by carefully picked out body parts, just as government is carefully assembled of different people. The creatures origins, however, meant that he is unaffiliated with others. He is looked at as a person but not a citizen. He isnt naturalized nor socialized with any certain community. He is the novels main community seeker. Because the creature is self-dependent and is related to no one he must seek out membership in different groups that dont rely on ties of intimacy, ancestry, or memories as a necessity for inclusion. However, what is very intriguing about Mary Shelleys novel is that she chose to stage the creatures searches for community and acceptance around the most intimate of social groups, family. Normally, it may seem that family groups are not candidates for trying to find acceptance because they are usually defined by special obligations and attachments. Choice has virtually no role in a familys organization, but Shelleys representative households are not solely private unions; instead, they are mobile and joinable. She uses family unions and the fact that the creature is an outsider to think through the problems of the value of affiliation, heredity, and sentiment as the basis of political commonality. Starting around the second half of the novel Mary Shelley further explores alternatives to familial bases for communal ties through Victor and the creatures relationship. Victor is not given the option of living in a creature-less world. Him and his creation are unable to flee from each others presence. They must confront the task of figuring out how to live in the same world together. They eventually meet on the Alpine slopes. It is there where they form the compact of Victor creating the female companion for the creature, as mentioned earlier. The compact here didnt last, but it actually is a crucial point in the book. It sets up brand new principles of connectivity with certain characters who normally disagree deeply with one-another. The creature begins to suspect that Victor Frankenstein cannot be entrusted to be a loving parent. He then presents himself to Victor as a person who has been deeply injured by Frankensteins doings; in doing so, the creature blames Victor for his act ions. The agreement reached at Montanvert produces a reality effect in the story. It is the moment when the characters different opinions and interests meet on a common political world. If one looks only at the surface it will appear that the creature solicits Victor mainly because he is a father figure when they meet. He refers to Victor Frankenstein as his creator and his natural lord and king, and to himself as Frankensteins own creature. Victor does not argue against these facts. He actually admits that he is the author of the creature. Victor admits that he is the one who has authorized the creatures existence. Back at the laboratory right before he created the creature, he was talking about how his new species would bless him as its creator and source. He was really looking forward to giving the being life. Even though Victor was horrified when the being actually came to life, he now seems willing to be moved by something like paternal care. Frankenstein agrees to hear the creatures story because he felt that it was his duty as creator to render the creature happy before complaining of his wickedness. Victor suddenly has a small amount of compassion for the cr eature that he has given life, he is prepared to render him happy by sympathizing with the creature and accepting his wish to just be heard out. However, a closer look of this scene shows the creatures true intent to appeal to Victor Frankensteins paternity as more strategic than sincerity. The creature seems to only coax Victor into temporarily forgetting his hatred in order to hear what the creature has to say. He placates Victor to buy some time in order to tell his story. In other words, he intends to soften Victor up before he makes the request that may very well decide their fates. The creatures tactic is very strategic. He has every reason to be wary of affective ties. What the creature already knows at this time is that sympathy isnt always given to other people, even if they deserve it. He learned this through the way people have treated him when he done good to them. It is clear that Shelley was making a reference to political strategy here. They get you to think of the sympathies and get your vote, just like the creature is getting Victors sympathy to coax him into making him a companion. So, after reading this it is very apparent that there are very many different things to look into when reading Frankenstein. When looked at closer the reader can get a deeper view of the lives of the characters. One may even be able to compare his or her own self to the story. Either way, Frankenstein is arguably one of the very best pieces of literature of all time.